A    VIEW 


COMMEECE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


MEDITERRANEAN  SEA-PORTS, 


INCLUDING 


THE  ADRIATIC   AND   MOREA; 


MAPS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  HARBOURS  IN  THOSE  SEAS. 


EMBRACING    THE     PAHTICULAB.    AND    GENERAL    OBJECTS    OF    COMMERCIAL    IN- 
TEREST   BETWEEN    them;    WITH    CONSULAR,    STATISTICAL, 
HISTORICAL    AND    GEOGRAPHICAL    REMARKS. 


FROM    THE    MANUSCRIPT    OF    TEE    LATE 

JOHN  MARTIN^BAKER, 

FOEMEELY  UNITED  STATES  CONSUL  IN  THE  MBSAeKRANEAN, 


AND  AUTHOR  OF  "COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  THE  BHAZILS. 


BY  HIS  SON,  LOUIS  BAKER. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

BARRINGTON  &  MURPHY,  205  CHESNUT  STREET. 

1847. 


«  3  0  6       8  ^ 


Entered  in  conformity  to  an  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  in  the 
year  1847,  by  Louis  Baker,  at  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court,  in  and 
for  the  Eastern  District  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 


King  &  Baird,  Printers,  No.  9  George  Street, 


THIS    WOEK 


IS  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 


TO  THE  COMMERCIAL  COMMUNITY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

AS  A  COMPENDIUM  TO  ASSIST  THE  ENTERPRISE  OF 
PERSONS  WHO  MAY  UNDERTAKE  TO 

TRADE  IN  THE  MEDITEHP^ANEAN,  &c. 

WITH  THE  SINCERE  HOPE,  THAT  IT  MAY   PROVE  USEFUL  TO   ALL  WHO   MAY   USE   IT. 

LOUIS    BAKER. 
I 


0 


^ 


401194 


i 


PEEFACE 


In  presenting  to  the  public  the  present  volume,  the 
editor  would  make  such  suggestions  by  way  of  preface, 
as  seem  to  arise  from  his  connection  with  the  work. 
His  father,  the  late  John  Martin  Baker,  was  for  a 
period  of  over  forty  years,  a  Consul  of  the  United 
States  for  some  of  the  numerous  ports  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  during  that  period  of  time  was  enabled 
by  personal  observation  to  collect  such  information 
concerning  the  amount  of  commerce,  including  the 
nature  of  the  soil,  productions,  etc.,  of  the  different 
islands  and  sea-ports  of  the  Mediterranean  as  would 
be  most  beneficial  to  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  American  merchants  generally.  The  man- 
uscript being  completed,  the  volume  would  have  been 
published  some  time  since,  had  it  not  been  for  the 
death  of  its  author,  and  the  necessary  delay  conse- 
quent thereupon. 

The  editor  would  call  the  attention  of  the  mercan- 
tile community  to  the  acknowledged  advantages  pos- 
sessed by  those  who  have  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  Mediterranean  ports,  over  those  who  have  not 
the  same  information;   he  would  then  refer  them  to 


G  PREFACE. 

the  present  volume  as  one  containing  a  description  of 
that  important  quarter  of  the  globe,  at  once  accurate 
and  short,  capable  of  guiding  the  inexperienced,  and 
furnishing  useful  information  to  those  already  engaged 
in  the  Mediterranean  trade. 

Charts  of  the  different  ports  are  appended  to  the 
history  of  each,  which,  as  is  obvious,  greatly  enhances 
the  value  of  the  work. 

If  through  the  instrumentality  of  this  volume,  a 
greater  interest  is  excited  in  the  Mediterranean  trade, 
one  great  object  of  the  editor  will  be  accomplished: 
and  a  new  source  of  profit  laid  open  to  the  active 
energy  of  the  American  commercial  community. 

PmtADELPHiA,  Oct.  1847. 


CONTENTS 


CHAPTER  I. 

The  advantages  of  embarking  in  the  Mediterranean  Trade,  clearly  illus- 
trated,   9 

CHAPTER  11. 

The  necessity  of  Merchants  being  well  acquainted  with  the  pohtical  and 

commercial  economy  of  foreign  nations  generally,      .         .         .         .  12 

CHAPTER  m. 

The  utility  and  national  benefit  of  having  Consuls  in  various  ports  in  the 
Mediterranean,  and  the  great  advantages  to  be  derived  therefrom  by 
the  American  merchant,  as  well  as  to  protect  the  national  character  of 

our  country, 14 

The  Con sulah  System. — An  abstract  of  the  Report  of  the  Secretary  of 

State, 17 

The  Consular  System. — Fees,      .         .         .         .         .         .         .  21 

GiBKALTAK,      ...........  24 

Malaga, 28 

Cakthagena,           ..........  33 

Alicant,         ...........  35 

Valencia,       ...........  37 

Tahhagona, 39 

Bahcelona, .42 

Mahon,  (Balearic  Islands,)      ........  44 

Palma,          «             « 47 

Itica,             "             " 51 

Marseilles,    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  53 

Toulon,           ...........  55 

Genoa,    ............  56 

Leghorn,         ...........  59 

Civita  Vecchia 61 


X^^ 


8  CONTENTS. 

Bastia,  (^Island  of  Corsica.) 63 

Cxgliaut,  (Island  of  Sardinia.) 63 

Naples, 69 

Pazzumo,  (^Island  of  Sicily.) 71 

Messina,  "  " .77 

Trieste,         ...........  78 

Aloiers,          ...........  80 

Monocco,         ...........  81 

Tunis, 83 

Constantinople, 88 

Smthna, 89 

The  Morea, .  91 

Zante,  (Island,)      ..........  93 

COHFU,         "              94 

Cxpiivs,      «             95 

A  Table  of  Money, 96 


MEDITERRANEAN    SEA-PORTS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

THE   ADVANTAGES    OF    EMBARKING     IN    THE     MEDITERRANEAN    TRADE, 
CLEARLY    ILLUSTRATED. 


It  may  be  considered  a  great  disadvantage  to  the  commercial 
community  of  the  United  States,  that  the  coasting  trade  of  the 
Mediterranean  has  hitherto  been,  and  continues  to  be,  so  little  known. 

The  principal  object  of  this  work,  is,  to  make  the  trade  better 
understood,  and  to  point  out  the  essential  benefits  our  merchants 
may  derive  therefrom  ;  and  there  is  no  doubt,  that  a  great  many 
merchants  will  soon  find  it  to  their  interest,  after  reading  this  work, 
to  at  once  embark  in  this  trade  :  and  even  ship  owners  will  be  very 
materially  interested  by  it ;  for,  when  other  employment  for  their 
ships  does  not  immediately  offer,  they  may,  at  all  seasons,  send  to 
the  Mediterranean  for  cargoes,  where  constant  employment  may  be 
had.  The  conclusion  is  very  reasonable,  that  it  is  better  for  the 
merchant,  and  ship  owner,  to  have  their  vessels  employed,  than  to 
keep  them  lying  in  harbor,  doing  nothing,  and  at  a  daily  expense. 
Now,  in  the  Mediterranean  trade,  they  have  tbis  peculiar  advantage, 
that  whenever  a  vessel  cannot  procure  a  cargo  on  freight,  which  is 
a  very  rare  occurrence,  the  owner,  by  advancing  a  small  sum,  may 
always  procure  a  full  one,  on  the  ship's  account.  It  must  be  then 
very  extraordinary,  if  the  ship's  freight,  as  well  as  the  merchant's 
2 


10 

profit,  tlocs  lint  turn  out  to  good  account;  and,  it  is  necessary  further 
to  observe,  that  in  the  case  when  the  ship  and  cargo  are  one  pro- 
perly, and  the  cargo  does  not  amount  to  more,  say,  three  or  four 
thousand  dollars,  it  will  be  better  able  to  bear  the  charge  of  insurance, 
and  oilier  expenses,  in  proportion  to  cargoes  of  greater  value,  coming 
from  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  which  cliarges  are,  in  many  in- 
stances, greater  from  distance,  and  other  causes,  duties  included.  In 
most  parts  of  the  Mediterranean,  there  are  large  quantities  of  bulky 
articles,  which  require  shipping  to  transport  them,  and  these  may  be 
purchased  very  cheap,  so  as  to  give  a  handsome  profit  at  home,  viz : 
salt,  soda,  brimstone,  wines,  brandies,  and  fruits,  &;c.,  &c.  Between 
two  and  three  hundred  tons,  of  some  of  the  first  named  articles,  can 
be  purchased  for  from  two  to  four  thousand  dollars,  according  lo 
the  demand.  This  perhaps  appears  to  many  persons  very  doubt- 
ful, and  particularly  to  those  who  are  not  well  acquainted  with  this 
commerce.  In  this  work,  there  will  be  enumerated  many  articles, 
•which  will  be  sufficient  to  prove  this  assertion,  in  a  very  satisfactory 
manner,  to  all  who  may  be  induced  to  enter  into  this  trade.  When 
this  branch  of  commerce  is  better  understood,  it  will  then  be  found  to 
be  of  great  national  consequence.  It  shall  be  shown  in  the  clearest 
manner,  the  great  number  of  merchant  shipping  that  can  be  employed 
to  advantage  in  it.  For  some  years  past,  the  French  merchants 
(from  the  port  of  Marseilles  alone)  have  loaded  yearly,  in  the  king- 
dom of  Tunis,  above  two  hundred  sail  of  merchantmen,  of  various 
descriptions,  being  generally  from  eighty  to  three  hundred  tons  bur- 
then. This  will  appear  extraordinary,  for  such  a  number  of  ship- 
ping, to  obtain  cargoes  in  only  one  of  the  Barbary  states  ;  the  cargoes 
are  generally  obtained  from  the  proceeds  of  sales  of  French  manu- 
factures, with  a  small  proportion  of  other  goods ;  and,  it  is  well 
known,  that  the  French,  English,  and  other  European  powers,  have 
always  considered  this  trade  as  of  the  greatest  national  importance 
to  them.  France,  in  particular,  and  England,  have  hitherto  reaped 
all  these  advantages,  by  having  their  agents  stationed  about  the 
different  parts  of  the  Mediterranean,  whereby  their  merchants,  find- 
ing themselves  protected,  have  increased  in  numbers  and  popularity: 
this  is  also  the  case  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  The  present  time 
is  considered  a  favorable  one  for  the  American  merchant  to  establish 
himself,  and  to  reap  some  of  the  great  benefits  of  this  trade.     For 


11 

some  years  past  there  has  been  more  attention  paid  to  the  West 
India  than  to  the  Mediterranean  trade ;  however,  sanguine  hopes 
are  entertained  that  this  subject  will  be  more  attended  to,  when  we 
consider  the  many  thousands  of  people  who  inhabit  both  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean,  who  prefer  American  manufactures  as  well  as 
staples  to  those  of  other  nations. 

The  French  have  paid  particular  attention  to  their  manufactures 
as  a  valuable  part  of  their  commerce,  especially  with  the  ports  of 
the  Mediterranean,  &;c,,  in  consequence  of  the  great  consumption  of 
these  as  well  as  of  colonial  produce,  (the  latter  however  is  trifling,) 
they  import  the  raw  material  of  other  nations,  and  which  they  export 
in  a  manufactured  state  at  a  large  profit,  in  silk,  woollen  and  linen 
goods.  It  will  not  be  amiss  here  to  state,  that  the  present  govern- 
ment of  France  is  extremely  jealous  of  the  English  holding  posses- 
sion in  the  Mediterranean,  as  they  do  at  present ;  the  island  of  Malta, 
which  was  always  considered  a  very  desirable  port,  (as  a  depot,)  and 
it  would  have  been  still  more  advantageous  for  the  English,  could 
they  have  held  Minorca,  and  the  other  connected  islands,  particu- 
larly for  the  reason  that  the  people  of  the  Balearic  islands  had  always 
been  accustomed  to  the  Barbary  trade,  and  of  course  they  would 
have  assisted  the  English  in  many  points  of  view.  But  their  own- 
ing Gibraltar,  has  been  to  them  (the  English)  a  sufficient  guarantee 
as  a  balance  of  power  in  their  favor,  so  far  as  regards  their  own  par- 
ticular commercial  interest  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Morea. 


12 


CHAPTER   II. 

THE  NECESSITY  OF  MERCHANTS  BEING  WELL  ACQUAINTED  WITH 
THE  POLITICAL  AND  COMMERCIAL  ECONOMY  OF  FOREIGN  NATIONS 
GENERALLY. 


It  has  been  argued  (hat  merchants  have  nothing  to  do  with  the 
politics  of  foreign  nations,  and  particularly  the  nation  in  which  they 
reside.  This' argument  is  generally  made  use  of  by  persons,  who 
of  course  are  ignorant,  hence  jealousy  ensues,  and  merchants 
are  sometimes  abused :  and  if  their  character  was  not  always  con- 
sidered honorable,  from  the  nature  of  their  vocation,  they  would  lose 
caste,  and  the  high  estimation  society  in  general  holds  the  merchant 
in,  would  of  course  become  a  dead  letter.  It  is  not  considered  ad- 
visable for  merchants  to  enter  into  the  political  or  religious  disputes 
of  the  country  in  which  they  reside ;  it  is  much  better  to  be  ^uiet 
spectators,  by  which  means  they  will  be  better  acquainted  with  every 
thing  that  transpires,  and  thereby  learn  more  of  matters  and  things. 
It  is  to  the  merchant's  interest,  however,  always  to  know,  and  that 
well,  the  customs  and  habits,  language  and  commercial  usages,  of 
the  country  in  which  he  lives.  For  example  :  in  all  countries  sub- 
ject to  internal  commotions,  where  the  laws  are  either  defective  or 
badly  administered,  and  where  there  is  but  little  stability  in  the 
government,  money  will  be  always  of  more  value,  and  interest  much 
higher,  than  in  countries  where  the  governments  are  steady  and 
powerful.  This  is  a  general  rule  where  the  use  of  money  is  known, 
consequently  it  is  necessary  for  the  merchant  to  make  himself  well 
acquainted  with  the  nature  and  causes  of  these  variations  in  money 


13 

matters,  so  as  to  guide  himself  right  in  his  business.  The  merchant 
should  always  possess  a  knowledge  of  the  people  of  the  country 
where  he  resides.  The  Jews  are  numerous  in  all  the  Barbary  states, 
the  south  of  France,  and  in  parts  of  Italy,  in  the  Austrian  sea-ports, 
and  in  the  Adriatic.  In  Naples,  Sicily  and  Malta,  the  Morea,  Tur- 
key in  Europe,  and  Asia,  Syria  and  Egypt,  they  are  not  numerous. 
Whatever  agreement  is  made  with  natives  or  others  residing:  in  the 
Barbary  states,  (with  the  exception  of  Europeans,)  whether  for  pur- 
chases or  sales  of  merchandize,  the  particulars  of  the  transaction 
must  be  registered  in  the  Consular  office  by  its  "  Chancellier," 
samples  deposited,  and  the  parties  bound  in  a  penalty  to  keep  the 
contract.  The  Greeks  compose  a  considerable  portion  of  the  popu- 
lation of  the  northern  shores  of  the  Mediterranean.  The  Armenians 
enjoy  the  greater  part  of  the  commerce  of  Turkey  in  Asia,  Arabia, 
and  Persia,  and  the  Caravan  trade.  There  are  few  Armenians  in 
Italy,  or  in  the  Morea,  and  none  in  Barbary ;  but  in  Turkey  in  Asia, 
they  form  a  considerable  part  of  the  population.  When  a  govern- 
ment does  not  cause  its  flag  to  be  respected,  and  protect  it,  it  dete- 
riorates in  that  respect  due  to  it;  but,  on  the  contrary,  where  that 
respect  is  enforced,  the  merchant  of  that  nation  carefully  avoids  doing 
any  thing  that  might  in  any  way  degrade  the  national  character  of 
his  country,  or  stain  his  own  name  with  stigma.  The  Venetians 
have  lately  experienced  a  change  for  the  better,  and  these  people 
are  materially  benefited  by  this  change.  They  are  now  under  the 
government  of  Austria,  and  a  short  time  hence  will  serve  to 
show  how  far  a  favorable  change  of  government  influences  the 
principles  of  a  people ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  Genoa,  which 
lost  its  influence  in  the  same  way  as  did  Venice,  has  benefited  much 
in  its  condition  of  late,  and  will  continue  to  do  so.  In  fact,  almost 
all  of  the  seaboard  of  the  coast  of  Europe  and  Africa,  has  become  of 
late  years  animated  with  that  "go-ahead"  spirit  which  prevails  so 
predominant  with  us.  Thus  we  see  another  opening  to  commence 
a  thriving  commerce  with  the  Mediterranean. 


14 


CHAPTER  III. 


THE  UTILITY  AND  NATIONAL  BENEFIT  OF  HAVING  CONSULS  IN 
VARIOUS  PORTS  IN  THE  MEDITERRANEAN,  AND  THE  GREAT 
ADVANTAGES  TO  BE  DERIVED  THEREFROM  BY  THE  AMERICAN 
MERCHANT,  AS  WELL  AS  TO  PROTECT  THE  NATIONAL  CHARACTER 
OF    OUR    COUNTRY. 


In  the  United  States,  this  subject,  though  it  has  often  been  com- 
mented on  by  many  periodical  writers  in  an  able  manner,  has  never  met 
with  that  attention  it  certainly  requires.  In  France,  and  other  European 
powers,  this  subject  has  always  been  a  principal  object.  The  fact  of 
these  nations  sending  a  large  number  of  consuls  and  agents  to  all  the 
ports  and  interior  cities  of  the  Mediterranean,  Levant,  &;c.,  ought  to 
be  sufficient  to  convince  the  American  people,  and  the  government  also, 
of  the  great  utility  of  such  a  proceeding.  Sometimes  they  are  sent 
in  a  double  capacity,  both  for  political  as  well  as  commercial  purposes  ; 
however  that  may  be,  they  are  treated  by  their  respective  govern- 
ments in  the  most  handsome  manner,  which  always  operates  in  their 
favor — they  are  paid  well,  and  have  men  of  war  to  attend  to  their 
wants  whenever  required.  These  governments  would  not  be  at  so 
ranch  expense  if  their  own  interests  were  not  benefited  by  so  doing, 
and  the  reason  for  their  sending  out  so  many  consuls  and  agents 
in  those  places,  where  there  is  no  regular  correspondence,  without 
first  establishing  consular  agencies,  is  to  prepare  the  way  for  their 
respective  merchants,  and  to  otherwise  facilitate  their  commercial 
interests.     Now,  when  his  commerce  so  direcdy  demands  their  im- 


15 

mediate  attention,  may  it  not  be  reasonable  enough  to  say  that  it  is 
equally,  if  not  more  so,  interesting  to  the  United  States  to  take  the 
steps  in  this  matter.  The  United  Slates  has  never  yet  paid  that  atten- 
tion, or  taken  any  decided  step  or  measure  in  favor  of  our  commer- 
cial interests,  save  the  preliminaries,  which  every  nation  has  done 
before  her,  but  has  left  the  merchant  to  pursue  hi's  affairs  by  his  own 
industry  and  attention,  the  best  way  lie  could,  only  affording  him 
casual  protection,  when  the  opportunity  offered,  or  whenever  a  ship 
of  war  would  visit  the  port  where  he  resided,  and  that  but  rarely. 
When  men  of  commercial  information  are  appointed  consuls,  it  is 
always  found  that  they  afford  the  greatest  interest,  good  and  benefit, 
and  security  of  nationality,  to  the  government  which  they  serve,  than 
any  other  set  of  men  ;  for  this  reason,  because  they  understand  the  po- 
litical and  commercial  economy  of  the  country  where  they  reside, 
and  are  better  able  to  fill  the  consular  office.  These  are  the  only 
kind  of  men  who  should  really  be  appointed  to  such  offices,  from 
the  fact  above  stated.  The  duties  of  customs  alone  upon  a  few  car- 
goes  of  merchandize  would  amply  pay  the  salaries  contemplated  to 
be  paid  to  consuls  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  the  able  reports  of  the 
honorable  secretaries  at  Washington  of  December,  1846,  and  January, 
1847,  and  reported  to  Congress  for  their  consideration  (extracts  of 
which  reports  are  annexed),  and  thus  to  put  our  consuls  on  the  same 
footing  as  those  of  the  European  powers.  Had  the  United  States 
at  this  time  twice  the  number  of  consular  agents  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  other  adjacent  ports  in  that  region  of  country,  it  would  be  of 
great  advantage  to  our  commercial  interests,  provided  our  consuls  were 
under  pay,  as  is  the  custom  and  usage  of  all  the  European  powers. 
It  is  also  a  very  impolitic  circumstance  that  we  have  so  many  vice- 
consuls,  who  are  not  Americans  ;  for,  from  these  gentlemen  (though 
they  are  no  doubt  all  honorable  men),  we  cannot  expect  that  attention 
to  the  interests  of  our  contrymen  abroad  which  would  be  afforded 
by  those  of  our  own  country,  especially  without  pay. 

We  have  never  had  a  consul  on  the  island  of  Sardinia,  which  is 
an  extensive  and  fertile  island ;  advantages  would  be  derived  from 
appointing  one  or  more  consuls  there.  There  are  on  this  island  some 
fine  ports,  which  would  serve  for  winter  quarters  for  our  squadron 
in  the  Mediterranean,  if  they  did  not  wish  to  winter  at  Mahon — this, 
also,  is  equally  applicable  to  other  ports  in  that  sea.    In  all  countries 


16 

where  a  correspondence  cannot  be  kept  up  regular  and  frequent, 
bills  of  exchange  will  always  be  negotiated  at  a  very  considerable 
loss,  for  obvious  reasons,  however  respectable  the  parties  concerned 
may  be.  This  is  frequently  the  case.  Now  a  consul  could  in  such 
case  give  fair  play  to  both  parties  by  his  interference,  from  the  situa- 
tion he  holds,  and  the  advantages  he  possesses  from  that  situation. 
All  the  European  powers  pay  their  consuls  well,  sometimes  more 
than  we  pay  our  Charges,  and  they  are  always  permitted  to  retain 
the  fees  of  their  office,  and  have  privileges  which  our  consuls  have 
not.  Longona,  on  the  island  of  Elba,  and  Civitavechia,  are  two 
ports  in  the  Mediterranean  which  offer  fine  and  safe  anchorages  for 
our  men  of  war.  There  are  also  some  two  or  three  ports  in  the  Le- 
vant which  offier  the  same  advantages,  and  where  we  have  no  consuls. 
To  bear  out  the  remarks  made  on  the  Consular  System,  the  reader  is 
referred  to,  and  his  attentive  perusal  is  respectfully  asked,  of  the 
extracts  before  mentioned. 


17 


THE   CONSULAR   SYSTEM. 


AN  ABSTRACT  OF  THE  REPORT  OF  THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 


Mr.  Buchanan  has  presented  a  report  from  the  State  Department 
to  Congress,  of  which  we  find  in  advance  abstract  in  the  New  York 
Herald. 

Mr.  Buchanan  recommends  the  adoption  of  a  general  law  for  the 
guidance  of  consuls  in  all  cases,  prescribing  their  powers  and  duties, 
and  framed  so  comprehensively  as  to  leave  no  part  of  the  duty  of  a 
consul  to  be  guessed  at,  as  is  unavoidably  the  case  at  present — such 
general  law  to  repeal  all  former  acts  treating  of  the  powers  and  duties 
of  consuls. 

It  appears  that  there  are  at  present  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
seven  United  States  consulates  in  existence.  Many  of  these  are,  or 
have  been  until  lately,  filled  with  subjects  and  citizens  of  the  govern- 
ments under  which  they  exist — others  are  filled  by  American  mer- 
chants, who  assume  the  duties  merely  for  the  sake  of  the  position 
the  office  confers,  and  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  their  business, 
as  the  office  creates  confidence  in  those  wishing  to  make  consign- 
ments ;  at  the  same  time  that  the  emoluments  are  in  many  cases  so 
small  as  to  be  entirely  inadequate  to  the  support  of  a  consul,  espe- 
cially if  he  happen  to  have  a  family. 

Mr.  Buchanan  recommends  the  formation  of  seventy-four  con- 
sulates and  fifty-five  vice-consulates,  making  in  all  one  hundred  and 
twenty-nine.  He  remarks  that  the  system  of  vice-consulates  having 
been  tried  by  Great  Britain,  has  been  found  to  operate  admirably. 


18 

He  also  advises  that  in  semi-barbarous  countries,  such  as  the  Barbary 
Slates,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Levant,  our  consuls  shall  be  invested 
with  the  title  of  consul  general.  His  reason  for  this  is,  that  American 
consuls  in  those  countries  are  often  called  upon  to  adjust  serious 
difTerences  between  the  masters  and  crews  of  vessels,  to  punish 
crimes  commilled  by  American  citizens,  as  well  as  to  protect  them 
from  the  injustice  of  the  natives;  that  in  those  countries  where  rank 
and  high  sounding  titles  are  treated  with  deference  and  respect,  the 
mere  title  of  consul  does  not  claim  that  consideration  at  the  hands  of 
the  authorities  that  is  indispensable  to  the  maintenance  of  our  rights, 
and  the  honor  of  our  flag  ;  and  that  in  consequence  our  consuls  at 
the  different  ports  of  those  countries  are  subjected  to  many  serious 
slights  and  annoyances,  calculated  to  lower  our  government,  whose 
only  representatives  they  are  in  those  places,  in  the  estimation  of  the 
natives,  and  commensurately  operating  to  the  detriment  of  our  com- 
merce, and  of  our  national  character.  To  such  slights  and  inconve- 
niences, the  consuls  of  other  nations,  who  are  clothed  with  the  powers 
and  title  of  consul  general,  are  not  subjected,  enjoying  in  this  respect 
an  advantage  of  no  ordinary  importance  over  our  consuls.  For  all 
these,  and  other  weighty  reasons,  he  advises  the  institution  of  the 
rank  of  consul  general,  which  in  addition  to  the  advantages  I  have 
enumerated,  has  for  its  further  recommendation,  that  it  will  be  no 
additional  cost  to  the  government. 

He  recommends  that  the  mode  of  compensation  be  changed.  At 
present  our  consuls  are  compensated  with  the  fees  of  the  office,  in 
some  ports  amounting  to  an  enormous  revenue,  and  in  others  so 
trifling,  as  I  before  remarked,  as  to  be  entirely  inconsiderable.  Mr. 
Buchanan  advises  that  consuls  be  paid  a  regular  salary  out  of-  the 
treasury.  The  reason  for  this  is,  that  under  the  present  system, 
consuls  are  entirely  at  liberty  to  make,  and  very  often  do  make,  their 
office  subservient  to  their  mercantile  interests.  He  is  of  opinion  that 
consuls  should  be  prohibited  by  law  from  engaging  in  mercantile  pur- 
suits, thus  preventing  the  too  frequent  sacrifice  of  t!ie  interests  of 
our  merchants  to  private  emolument.  The  consul  having  no  busi- 
ness of  his  own  to  attend  to,  would  not  be  obliged,  as  is  now  the  case, 
to  neglect  the  business  of  his  office ;  and  receiving  his  slated  salary, 
and  no  fees  in  compensation  of  his  services,  would  have  no  induce- 
ments to  defraud.    Besides,  the  consuls  being  in  many  instances  the 


19 

sole  representatives  of  our  government  in  the  various  ports  where 
they  are  stationed,  sliould  be  compelled  to  keep  aloof  from  any  occu- 
pation calculated  to  expose  them,  even  to  the  remote  possihility  of 
an  imputation  upon  their  honor.  The  honor  of  our  government  is 
involved  in  that  of  its  consuls. 

The  report  does  not  recommend  the  immediate  abolition  of  fees, 
although  Mr.  Buchanan  is  of  opinion  that  commerce  should  not  be 
taxed  with  any  consular  fees,  yielding,  as  it  does,  sufficient  revenue 
to  entitle  it  to  an  exemption  from  such  an  impost.  But  he  does  not 
think  it  prudent  at  present  to  advise  a  total  abolition.  He  therefore 
recommends  the  collection  of  fees,  for  the  purpose  of  partially  reim- 
bursing the  treasury  for  the  salaries  of  consuls.  He  thinks  that  one 
cent  per  ton  is  as  much  as  should  be  charged,  although  it  would 
require  one  cent  and  a  half  per  ton  to  cover  the  expenditures  of  the 
treasury  in  the  practical  adoption  of  this  plan.  The  present  system 
of  charging  a  horizontal  rate  of  fees  on  all  vessels  of  what  tonnage 
soever,  charging  no  more  on  a  vessel  of  one  thousand  tons  than  on 
one  of  three  hundred,  he  looks  upon  as  extremely  unjust.  This  rate 
being  established  by  law,  every  master  of  a  vessel  will  know  the 
amount  of  the  fees  he  has  to  pay,  and  no  possible  imposition  can  be 
practiced,  either  by  the  consul  or  his  employee.  At  the  same  time, 
he  remarks,  that  in  all  probabilit)'^  it  would  be  unjust,  even  to  insinu- 
ate that  any  consul  at  present  in  the  commission  of  the  government, 
is  in  the  habit  of  extorting  exorbitant  fees.  But  still,  under  the  present 
system,  there  is  always  danger  of  such  extortion. 

The  spirit  of  our  institutions  does  not  permit  that  our  government 
should  allow  American  citizens  to  be  tried  for  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors committed  in  such  countries  as  Cliina  and  Turkey,  by  the 
arbitrary  laws,  and  before  the  arbitrary  tribunals  of  tho:<e  countries. 
Accordingly,  in  our  treaties  with  those  nations,  it  is  stipulated  that 
the  American  consul,  resident  at  the  place  where  such  crimes  and 
misdemeanors  are  committed,  shall  be  invested  with  plenary  criminal 
jurisdiction,  to  try,  adjudge,  and  punish  American  citizens  offending 
against  the  laws  of  those  countries.  At  present,  this  treaty  stipula- 
tion is  absolutely  null  and  void,  no  law  of  Congress  being  in  exist- 
ence to  indicate  the  powers  and  duties  of  our  consuls  in  such  cases. 
No  American  consul  in  China  would  dare  to  hang  an  American 
citizen,  even  if  guilty  of  the  worst  crime  that  can  be  imagined,  as 


20 

tlierc  is  no  warrant  for  any  such  judicial  act  contained  in  the  laws 
prescribing  tlie  powers  of  American  consuls.  Our  merchants  and 
other  citizens  resident  in  China,  are  consequently  in  a  constant  state 
of  alarm,  as,  in  the  event  that  a  crime  committed  by  an  American, 
be  not  visited  with  punishment,  as  stipulated  by  the  treaty,  the 
Chinese,  who  are  accustomed  to  see  summary  justice  executed,  will 
be  very  apt  to  take  the  punishment  of  the  offender  into  their  own 
hands,  very  naturally  arguing  that  there  is  no  reason  why  an  Ameri- 
can injuring  a  Chinese  should  not  be  punished  as  well  as  a  Cliinese 
injuring  an  American.  Another  evil  arising  from  the  want  of  a  law 
clothing  the  consul  with  criminal  jurisdiction,  is,  that  the  Chinese 
authorities  seeing  the  impunity  with  which  Americans  transgress  the 
laws  of  the  Empire,  will  be  slow  to  punish  crimes  committed  by 
natives  against  the  property  or  persons  of  American  citizens. 

To  remedy  these  evils,  Mr.  Buchanan  recommends  the  enactment 
of  a  code  regulating  the  duties  of  consuls  both  in  civil  and  criminal 
cases.  This  is  a  matter  of  immediate  and  urgent  necessity,  as  the 
lives  and  property  of  our  citizens  in  the  Celestial  and  Ottoman 
empires  are,  by  reason  of  the  non-existence  of  such  a  code,  and  the 
consequent  incapacity  of  our  consuls  to  punish  crime,  in  extreme  and 
hourly  danger. 

The  report  deplores  the  severe  hardships  and  frequent  acts  of 
injustice  to  which  seamen  are  exposed  by  unjust  and  selfish  masters 
of  vessels.  For  all  those  manifold  evils  it  suggests  complete  remedies. 

The  last  subject  of  which  it  treats,  is  an  organized  system  of 
consular  correspondence.  It  suggests  the  appointment  of  some 
suitable  person  to  carry  on  a  regular  correspondence  with  our  con- 
suls, to  collate  their  letters  and  journals,  for  publication  at  stated 
periods,  and  to  attend  to  this  duty  alone,  as  the  two  consular 
clerks  already  employed  are  overloaded  with  business.  Such  a 
correspondence  would  be  productive  of  vast  advantage  to  science  and 
literature,  and  would  furnish  our  citizens  with  an  accurate  knowledge 
of  the  habits,  religion,  institutions,  statistics  and  productions  of  re- 
mote countries,  concerning  which  we  have  at  present  but  vague  and 
indistinct  impressions. 

This  admirable  plan,  of  which  I  give,  of  course,  but  a  mere 
outline,  if  immediately  adopted,  would  cost  the  treasury  an  annual 
outlay  of  but  seventy  or  eighty  thousand  dollars — a  mere  trifle,  when 


21 

the  incalculable  advantages  its  operation  would  confer  on  commerce, 
and  the  absolute  and  immediate  necessity  of  some  of  its  provisions 
are  taken  into  consideration. 


THE  CONSULAR  SYSTEM.-FEES. 

The  recent  letter  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  answer  to  a 
resolution  from  the  House  of  Representatives,  calling  for  information 
relative  to  the  consular  system,  suggests  that  the  consular  system 
should  be  all  defined  in  a  single  law,  instead  of  being,  as  at  present, 
scattered  all  over  the  statute  book.  That  law,  the  Secretary  thinks, 
should  provide  for  the  number,  appointment  and  compensation  of  all 
consuls  general,  consuls,  and  vice  consuls  ;  should  clearly  define  all 
the  duties  of  these  officers,  and  specify  the  fees  to  be  received  for 
their  performance.  The  consuls,  it  is  suggested,  might  advanta- 
geously be  permitted  to  appoint  consular  agents  (with  the  approba- 
tion of  the  Secretary  of  State),  for  whom  the  consuls  would  be  held 
responsible,  at  any  place  within  the  bounds  of  their  consulates.  The 
appointment  of  consuls  general  in  certain  cases  is  recommended. 

The  compensation  of  consuls,  it  is  strongly  recommended,  should 
be  changed  from  fees  to  salaries.  The  following  is  a  list  of  fees 
received  by  the  difljerent  U.  S.  consuls  for  the  year  1845. 

Liverpool, $9,965 

Rio  de  Janiero,         _         .         -         .         -  5,332 

Havana,            ......  3,731 

Oahu, 3,390 

Havre, •    -         -  3,061 

London, 2,620 

Hull,       -         -     ^ 2,526 

Glasgow, 2,106 

Antwerp, 1,938 

Rio  Grande, 1,644 

Paris, 1,601 

Buenos  Ayres,         .        .         -        -         .  1,456 

Trieste, 1,419 

Kingston,  Ja.,  ------  1,326 


22 

Marseilles, $1,326 

Pernambuco,    ------  1,327 

Palermo, 1,276 

Bremen, 1,152 

Canton, 1,070 

Barbadoes, 1,043 

Mayagiiez, 1,005 

Turk's  Island, 988 

St.  Thomas, 950 

Valparaiso,       - 946 

Pictoii, 973 

Nassau,  N.  P. 824 

Guayama,        ----._  820 

Barselle,  Switzerland,       -         -         -         .  836 

Talcahuano,     ------  827 

Dundee,           --.---  794 

Halifax,             -.-.-.  761 

Ponce, 749 

Bordeaux,        -----_  788 

St.  Jago  de  Cuba,    -----  704 

Curracoa,          ------  705 

Hamburg, 735 

Port  au  Prince,         -         -         _         .         .  747 

Puerto  Cabello,         -         -         _         -         .  737 

Laguayra,         ----..  744 

Port  Luis, 799 

Giiiraltar,  ---.--.  559 

Bermuda,         -         -         -         -         _         .  545 

St.  Helena,      -    '     -         -         -         .         -  6O8 

Cadiz, 698 

St.  Croix,        -         -         -         -  .      .         -  671 

Naples, .  680 

S'»yrna, 656 

Para,        - 676 

Point  Pelre,     ------  575 

St.  Petersburg, 583 

M:iln<ra, 545 

Trinidad  de  Cuba,    -----  523 


32 

City  of  Mexico, S588 

Montevideo, 553 

Lima,      ....---  509 

Paita, 508 

Antigua,           ..----  504 

Funchal, 501 


24 


GIBllALTAU. 


Gibraltar,  the  first  European  harbor  on  the  entrance  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, is  a  free  port,  (with  the  exception  of  the  prohibition  to 
land,  for  domestic  consumption,  limited  foreign  productions — these 
are  brandies,  Holland  gin,  and  manufactured  tobacco),  and  where 
most  vessels  on  trading  voyages  to  the  Mediterranean  make  harbor 
for  information  of  markets  within  that  sea,  and  where  vessels  bound 
westward  frequently  anchor,  and  await  the  first  easterly  wind  to 
facilitate  their  passage  through.  The  number  of  vessels  thus  anchor- 
inof  annually,  in  the  fall  and  winter  months,  occasions  a  considerable 
demand  for  the  necessaries  of  life,  in  provisions  for  the  inhabitants 
and  garrison  stationed  there,  say  flour,  rice,  beef  and  pork,  beans,  &c. 
Sec.,  which  consequently  produces  sale  for  several  cargoes  of  such 
articles  from  the  United  States.  The  English  merchants  at  Gib- 
raltar carry  on  a  regular  trade  with  England  and  Ireland  for  the 
supply  of  butter,  cheese,  hams,  bacon,  potatoes,  porter,  coal,  (fee. 
&LC. ;  therefore,  a  speculative  competition  in  the  above  cited  articles 
from  the  United  States,  cannot  ofler  the  prospect  of  advantage'  to  the 
American  merchajit,  those  articFes  being  shipped  on  terms  equally 
advantageous  from  England.  The. British  carry  on  an  extensive 
trade  there  with  their  cotton  goods,  of  which  they  import  an  im- 
mense quantity  annually — these  consist  of  velveteens,  corduroys, 
dimities,  muslins,  hose,  Sec.  &c.  These  are  bought  up  by  the  Spa- 
niards, who  make  Gibraltar  their  common  purchase-market,  and 
introduce  the  same  into  Spain  by  contraband.  The  Spanish  trader 
becomes  also  the  purchaser  of  the  Brazil  tobacco,  sent  to  Gibraltar, 
and  introduces  the  coils  into  Spain  also  by  contraband.  Spain  loses 
some  millions  of  reals  of  revenue  by  this,  and  the  English  merchant. 


in  an  indirect  manner,  through  the  same,  obtains  as  much  in  profits. 
The  money  thus  made  is  usually  sent  to  England  in  ships  of  war, 
the  Spanish  purchaser  always  paying  gold  and  silver  for  whatever 
he  buys.  A  few  hogsheads  of  tobacco  in  leaf  will  sell  well,  and  to 
advantage,  in  Gibraltar;  it  is  always  in  great  demand  for  the  men  on 
board  theshipsof  war  which  are  so  frequently  in  that  harbor.  The  Uni- 
ted States'  enterprising  and  extensive  commerce  with  the  East  Indies, 
affords  and  offers  sale  with  profit  for  certain  articles  imported  thence 
to  the  United  States — young  hyson,  hyson  skin,  bohea  teas,  pepper, 
nankeens,  bandana  handkerchiefs  and  blue  gunnahs — these  last  are 
bought  up  by  the  Moors,  who  purchase  this  article  for  South  Bar- 
bary.  The  Moorish  traders  from  Tangiers  and  Tetuan  have  been 
for  many  years  past  in  the  habit  of  purchasing  at  Gibraltar  cochineal 
for  their  dye  of  Morocco  skins.  The  British,  from  their  intercourse 
with  South  America,  furnish  the  market  with  a  supply  of  this 
article,  and  consequently  it  is  an  object  worthy  the  attention  of  the 
American  merchant — a  large  quantity  is  generally  required,  and  a 
high  price  is  always  paid  for  it. 


ESTIMATE    OP    A    CARGO    FROM    THE    UNITED    STATES    SUITABLE    FO 
THE    GIBRALTAR    MARKET. 

Flour, 500  bbls. 

Ship-bread, 1000   " 

Rice,      ------  50  tierce, 

Crackers,        -         -         -         -         -  500  kegs. 

White  beans,            -         -         .         -  1000  bushels, 

Salmon, 100  bbls. 

Sperm  candles,        -         -         .         -  200  boxes. 

Sperm  oil,       -         -         .         -         -  300  gallons. 

Codfish, 3000  lbs. 

Quarter  cask  white  oak  staves,  heading,  and  hoops, 
for  dunnajje. 


26 

Whenever  the  United  States  markets  abound  in  East  India  pro- 
duce— 

Hyson  tea  (young),       -         -         -         50  half  chests, 
Hyson  skin,  -         ...         50       " 

Bohea,  common,  -         -         -         50       " 

Nankeens  (yellow),       -         -         -  1000  pieces, 

Bandanas, 1000  hdkfs. 

Gnnnahs,      -         -         -         -         -  1000    " 

Pepper,        -         .         -         -         -  200  sacks, 
Cochineal,              ....         20  seroons. 

This  cargo  would  amount,  in  bulk,  to  about  fifteen  hundred  bar- 
rels, and  would  not  be  over  ten  thousand  dollars  in  value.  The 
above  assortment  will  always  meet  with  certain  and  advantageous 
sale.  From  fifteen  to  twenty  hogsheads  of  American  tobacco,  in 
leaf,  may  always  be  added  with  safety  to  this  cargo — the  quality  is 
recommended  to  be  that  of  Kentucky  or  Maryland,  their  tobacco 
being  preferred  to  the  Virginia  tobacco,  from  its  light  color  and  being 
cheaper.  Cargoes  of  codfish  always  sell  to  advantage — first  arrivals 
generally  bring  better  prices.  Merchants  at  Gibraltar  keep  their 
books  in  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence,  and  in  dollars  (peso),  reals, 
and  quartos. 

IG  quartos,  -  -  -  -  1  real, 

8  reals,  .  .  .  .  i  dollar  currency, 

1  dollar  currency  equal  to  66f  cents  United  States  money. 

However,  coins  of  all  nations  are  current  there,  particularly  the 
Spanish.  Weights  and  measures  in  usage  are  the  English  and 
Spanish — the  English  the  same  as  the  United  States  weights  and 
measures.  The  population  of  Gibraltar  is  about  sixty  or  seventy 
thousand  souls,  including  strangers,  which  compose  a  great  portion. 
There  are  many  fine  gardens  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation  there, 
which  produce  an  abundance  of  fine  fruits  and  vegetables  to  supply 
the  inhabitants.  Meats  and  poultry  are  cheap,  brought  over  from 
the  Barbary  side — wild  game  and  fish  in  abundance — oranges, 
figs,  and  grapes,  plentiful  and  cheap. 

The  inhabitants  of  Gibraltar,  with  the  exception  of  the  European 


27 

merchants  and  their  families,  foreign  consuls,  &c.,  are  generally 
people  of  all  nations,  mostly  dealers.  The  English  language  is  pre- 
dominant, but  the  Jews,  and  others  who  deal  there,  speak  the  "lin- 
gua Franca,"  a  mixture  of  Spanish,  Italian,  and  Arabic.  The  govern- 
ment hold  to  the  Church  of  England,  but  there  is  a  Roman  catholic 
chapel,  as  well  as  a  Jewish  synagogue,  established  there.  Com- 
mercial concerns  are  transacted  by  some  few  respectable  houses — 
those  are  English,  American,  French,  and  Dutch.  Some  Jews  there 
are  wealthy,  own  shipping,  and  do  business.  Martial  law  governs, 
but  the  privilege  is  given  to  civilians  to  obtain  benefit  and  redress 
from  the  British  civil  code,  and  the  power  of  appeal  to  the  royal 
council.  The  anchorage  in  the  bay  and  port  of  Gibraltar  is  safe. 
Cargoes  are  unladen  at  the  new  mole,  where  they  are  moored 
stern  to  the  shore.  The  quarantine  regulations  are  strictly  enforced, 
particularly  in  the  summer  time,  and  especially  on  arrivals  from  the 
Levant  or  coast  of  Africa.  The  captain  of  a  ship  of  war's  word  of 
honor,  his  communications  at  sea,  and  other  incidents  are  accepted 
as  valid  for  a  bill  of  health,  indispensably  necessary  to  be  produced 
by  a  merchant  vessel.  The  Gibraltar  letter  communication  is  ex- 
tended to  most  parts  of  Europe  by  post,  facilitated  by  steam  commu- 
nication with  all  parts  of  Europe.  Latitude  30.05  N.  Longitude 
5  17.  W. 


38 


MALAGA. 


This  port  is  much  frequented  by  American  vessels,  particularly 
in  the  fruit  months  (September  and  October).  Raisins,  grapes,  figs, 
wines  and  brandy,  are  generally  loaded  for  the  United  States  in  great 
quantities.  The  production  of  the  grape  is  extensive.  Great  Bri- 
tain and  Russia,  and  other  parts  of  the  north  of  Europe,  are  sup- 
plied at  this  market.  The  sweet  potato  grows  there  unequalled 
in  sweetness  and  size  in  other  soil  on  the  shores  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  United  States'  trade  with  Malaga  is  very  extensive. 
The  articles  of  flour  and  grain  are  the  principal  branch  of  commer- 
cial importations  of  the  ports  of  Spain  and  Italy.  The  African 
wheat  is  generally  sent  to  Lisbon,  and  very  often  enters  the  Medi- 
terranean. Our  flour  is  generally  esteemed  the  best,  from  its  sweet- 
ness and  whiteness,  by  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  sea-board  of  Spain. 
The  codfish  trade  with  the  ports  of  Spain  has  always  been  exten- 
sive and  advantageous  to  the  importer.  Codfish  generally  commands 
at  Malaga  from  nine  to  ten  dollars  per  quintal  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  pounds ;  the  price  lowers,  however,  in  proportion  to 
fresh  arrivals.  Rice  is  also  an  article  of  great  demand,  and  sales 
are  made  to  great  advantage  by  the  American  merchant  in  the  ports 
of  Spain.  The  Malaga  people  consume  a  great  quantity  of  Ameri- 
can rice,  and  send  some  into  the  interior.  The  Piedmont  rice  is 
esteemed,  but  our  rice  being  whitest,  and,  when  boiled,  more  pasty, 
is  generally  preferred.  The  greatest  proportion  of  oak  staves  used 
on  the  coast  of  Spain,  is  conveyed  there  by  vessels  from  the  United 
States.  The  demand  is  frequently  pressing,  and  high  prices  are 
obtained.  The  half  hogshead,  or  quarter  cask,  and  the  pipe  stave, 
are  shipped  to  INIalaga  for  the  sweet  Malaga  and  dry  Colmanar  wines, 
which  of  late  years  have  been  imported   in  great  quaulilies   to  the 


29 

United  States,  as  well  as  to  England,  and  some  of  the  northern  ports 
of  Europe.  Small  quantities  of  pitch  and  tar  are  saleable  for  casual 
wants  of  foreign  vessels,  which  arrive  here  in  the  months  of  August, 
September,  and  October,  for  fruits,  wines,  brandies,  &c.  &c.  Some 
salted  provisions  are  also  saleable  for  shipping,  out  of  the  same,  by 
long  passages,  delays  in  port,  &c. 


ESTIMATE  OF  A  CARGO,  THE  PRODUCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  SUITABLE 


FOR  THE  MALAGA  MARKET. 


Superfine  flour, 

Do.         do.      - 
Carolina  rice. 
White  beans. 
Black-eyed  pease, 
Carolina  beans, 
Butter, 
Hog's  lard, 
Sperm  candles, 

Do.    oil, 
Beeswax, 
Salmon  (salted). 
Beef, 
Pork, 
Pitch  and  tar  (each). 


500  bbls. 
500  half  bbls. 
100  tierces, 
500  bushels, 
200      " 
200       " 

50  kegs, 

50    " 
100  boxes, 
300  gallons, 
1000  lbs. 

50  bbls. 

50     " 

50    " 
50     " 


Deal  boards,  twelve  feet  in  length,  twelve  inches  in  breadth,  and 
one  and  a  half  inch  thick,  are  in  demand,  and  command  immediate 
and  profitable  sale.  Sugar  and  cocoa  are  articles  in  general  use  in 
Spain — the  demand  is  consequently  great,  and  the  sale  of  these  arti- 
cles quick  and  profitable. 


30 


ARTICLES  OF  EXPORT  FROM  MALAGA,  FIT  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES 

MARKET. 

Wines,  Mountain  Sweet,  in  quarter  casks. 

Do.      Colmenar,  "  " 

Brandy,  in  pipes. 
Raisins,  IMuscatel,  in  boxes  of  25  lbs.  each. 

Do.        Bloom,  "  ii      a 

Do.        Sun,  in  barrels  of  one  quintal. 

Do.        Do.    in  baskets  of  half  quintal. 
Grapes,  in  jars. 
Figs,  in  barrels  of  one  quintal, 
Do.,  in  barrels  of  half  quintal. 
Almonds,  hard  shell,  per  quintal. 

Do.        soft  shell,  per  fanega. 
Oranges,  per  box  of  500  each. 
Lemons,       "  " 

Olives,  in  jars. 
Anchovies,  in  kegs. 
Orange  peel,  per  quintal. 
Lemon  do.,        " 
Shumac,  " 

Black  Lead,         " 
Oil  of  Almond,  per  pound. 
Saffron, 
Castile  Soap,  per  quintal. 

The  quintal  is  one  hundred  and  four  pounds  United  States  weight, 
and  the  fanega  may  be  regulated  thus  : — two  and  a  half  fanegas  equal 
to  four  busliels.  Merchants  keep  their  accounts  in  reals  velon  and 
maravadis. 


31 

34  maravadis  -         -         -         -     1  real  velon. 

15  reals  velon         -         -         -         -     1  peso. 

20   do.     do.  -         -         -         -     1  dollar,  hard. 

The  gold  dollar  is  used  in  Spain,  and  bears  a  premium  of  five 
per  cent,  there.  Coins  of  all  countries  are  current,  and  are  regulated 
in  their  value  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Commissions  on 
sales,  two  and  a  half  per  cent. — on  purchases,  the  same— half  per 
cent,  allowed  for  brokerage.  A  sworn  broker  is  generally  em- 
ployed for  the  convenience  of  both  parties  trading.  The  Chamber 
of  Commerce  is  the  proper  tribunal  to  adjust  all  mercantile  disputes. 
Their  decision  is  always  considered  and  received  as  definite.  There 
is  an  established  Insurance  Company  at  that  port,  and  agents  of 
several  Insurance  Companies  belonging  to  Madrid,  Seville  and  Cadiz. 
There  are  some  Mercantile  establishments,  Spanish,  English,  Ameri- 
can, French  and  Dutch  there,  who  are  engaged  in  an  extensive  busi- 
ness. The  Custom-house  is  situated  near  the  mole ;  it  is  a  spacious 
and  very  convenient  building,  and  with  extensive  warehouses.  The 
mole  is  safe  and  sheltered  by  an  extensive  projecting  pier ;  its  light- 
house is  well  situated  to  aid  in  guiding  the  mariner.  Merchant  ves- 
sels lie  within  the  mole,  where  they  unload  and  take  in  cargo.  The 
roadstead  has  good  anchorage,  and  vessels  of  every  class  can  lie  with 
safety  during  any  violence  of  wind.  The  markets  are  well  supplied 
with  fish,  meat,  poultry,  eggs  and  vegetables,  and  fruits  in  abundance, 
and  cheap.  Grapes,  in  season,  sell  very  low,  about  one  cent  per 
pound  ;  oranges  can  be  had  at  two  dollars  per  thousand — other  fruits 
in  the  same  proportion.  The  established  church  in  all  Spain  is  the 
Roman  Catholic — no  other  is  publicly  allowed.  Notwithstanding, 
there  exists  no  special  prohibition  of  the  exercise  of  religion  of  any 
denomination  by  foreigners,  within  their  own  dwellings,  or  at  the 
residence  of  their  respective  consuls. 

Africans  are  allowed  to  trade  at  Malaga,  but  leave  the  town  imme- 
diately after.  The  traders  of  the  Barbary  coast  speak  the  lingua 
Franca,  which  is  familiar  with  the  people  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  and 
which  merchants  would  do  well  to  understand. 

The  population  is  about  fifty  thousand  souls.  The  climate  of 
Malaga  is  esteemed  the  best  in  all  Spain.     The  people  of  Malaga 


32 

are  courteous  and  friendly  in  their  coramunications  with  strangers, 
and  treat  them  with  marked  politeness. 

The  authority,  military  and  civil,  is  vested  in  the  governor,  who 
is  commander  of  the  forces,  civil  and  military  attendant,  president  of 
the  board  of  health,  supreme  judge  of  the  Royal  Consulado,  &c. 
Latitude  36  48,  N. ;  Longitude,  4  25  W. 


33 


CARTIIAGENA. 


This  harbor  is  commodious  and  safe.  It  is  noted  for  the  royal 
arsenal  and  naval  depot  being  there,  and  is  the  principal  home  port 
station  for  tlie  Spanish  navy.  This  port  is  but  little  frequented  by 
American  vessels,  its  importations-  are  limited,  and  little  business 
done  ;  nevertheless,  an  established  trade  might  be  with  little  difficulty 
cultivated  and  extended  to  the  great  benefit  of  the  American  merchant, 
by  sending  there  a  few  cargoes. 

Vessels  of  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  tons  burthen, 
loaded  with  the  following  articles,  would  always  find  ready  and 
profitable  sales. 


Superfine  flour, 

- 

. 

300  bbls. 

Carolina  rice, 

- 

. 

50  tierce, 

White  beans, 

- 

. 

250  bushels, 

Blackeyed  peas. 

- 

. 

2f0 

Carolina  beans, 

- 

. 

250       " 

Butter  (yellow  color), 

. 

50  kegs, 

Salmon  (salted), 

- 

. 

50     " 

Beef  (mess), 

- 

. 

50  bbls. 

Pork      " 

- 

- 

50     " 

Codfish, 

- 

- 

500  cut, 

Deal  boards,  twelve 

feet 

long,  eleven 

inches  broad,  one 

and 

a  half  thick. 

20,000  feet. 

Sometimes  that  port  receives  a  supply  of  wheat  from  the  African 
states,  by  way  of  their  own  vessels  ;  these  are  commonly  zebecks  of 
about  fifty  to  seventy  tons  burthen  each  ;  but  our  flour  is  preferred. 


34 

Provisions  of  all  kinds  for  daily  consumption  is  abundant  and  cheap 
at  the  markets.  The  fig  is  of  a  remarkable  large  size,  and  plentiful. 
Water  is  supplied  from  springs  out  of  town,  it  is  very  fine  and  cheap. 
The  entrance  of  the  harbor  is  safe,  and  is  fortified  by  heavy  batteries 
on  tlic  east  and  west ;  the  arsenal  is  situated  on  the  W.  S.  W.  side 
of  the  harbor.  The  naval  magazines  are  extensive.  There  are  in 
that  town  some  silk  manufactories,  they  manufacture  silk  in  pieces, 
ribbons,  handkerchiefs,  (Sic,  ;  these  articles  are  remarkably  good  in 
quality,  and  cheap.  The  population  of  Carthagena  is  about  eighty 
thousand  persons.  The  custom-house  and  public  stores  are  large 
and  commodious  ;  several  merchants,  English  principally,  do  the 
foreign  business  there.  There  is  there  established  a  branch  of  the 
Cadiz  Insurance  Company.  Commissions  forsellingand  buying  cargo 
two  and  a  half  per  cent,  each,  half  per  cent,  brokerage  ;  the  sworn 
broker  is  generally  used  to  regulate  matters  in  trade  ;  merchants'  ac- 
counts are  kept  the  same  as  in  Malaga;  weights  and  measures  the 
same.  The  town  is  governed  by  a  governor,  who  has  the  civil  and 
military  power  in  his  hands.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  is  the 
proper  tribunal  for  the  settling  of  any  disputes  which  may  occur 
between  merchants;  its  decision  is  generally  agreed  to.  Latitude 
37  37  North,  longitude  1  03  West. 


35 


ALICANT. 

The  bayofAlicant,  though  somewhat  open  and  exposed,  is  a  safe 
and  convenient  harbor  for  vessels ;  the  anchorage  is  good  ;  the  mole 
does  not  admit  of  vessels  of  over  one  hundred  tons  burthen  to  come 
in  with  cargo  ;  vessels  under  quarantine  anchor  off  the  Pratique 
house  point;  and  vessels  over  one  hundred  tons,  about  the  centre  of 
the  bay,  in  from  four  to  five  fathom  water.  A  small  assorted  cargo, 
with  one-third  flour,  will  always  find  a  good  and  profitable  sale. 
There  are  some  foreigners  established  there  who  do  business. 

An  assorted  cargo  fit  for  Alicant  from  the  United  States. 

Superfine  flour,         .         -         _         .  300  bbls. 

Butter,  -----  10  firkins, 

Hogs  lard, 20      " 

White  beans,  -  ...  20  bags, 

Carolina  beans,         -         -         -  -  30     " 

Blackeyed  peas,       -  -         -  -  20     " 

Ship  beef, 30  bbls. 

"     pork, 30     " 

Sperm  candles,         ...  -  30  boxes. 

Salt  salmon,  ...  -         50  bbls. 

Codfish, 1000  lbs. 

To  fill  up  white  oak  staves  for  pipes,  hogsheads  and  quarter  casks, 
a  few  barrels  of  pitch  and  tar  may  be  added;  these  are  frequently 
called  for  by  the  Swedes  and  Danes  who  frequent  this  port.  IJetiirn 
cargoes  to  be  obtained  suitable  for  the  United  States  market,  is 
chiefly  brandy,  oil,  wine,  and  fruit.  Raisins  and  figs  are  abundant 
and  cheap.     Raisins  are  brought  round  by  coasters  from  Valencia 


36 

and  Denia.  SafTroii  is  of  excellent  quality  and  cheap ;  the  almond 
is  also  very  plentiful  and  cheap.  Vessels  frequently  take  in  cargoes 
of  salt,  this  they  load  on  the  coast.  Merchants'  commissions  are 
two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  sales,  and  the  same  on  purchases,  one 
and  a  half  percent,  brokerage.  On  shipments  of  salt,  four  per  cent, 
is  customary  ;  the  intervention  of  a  sworn  broker  is  customary  ;  the 
weights  and  measures  the  same  as  in  Malaga.  There  are  some 
commercial  houses,  chiefly  English  and  French,  who  do  business 
there.  The  laws  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  are  in  full  force 
regarding  commercial  disputes;  merchants,  however,  can  appeal  to 
the  supreme  authority  at  Madrid.  The  custom-house  is  a  large  and 
commodious  building,  with  storehouses  around  it.  The  seaport 
gates  are  shut  every  evening  by  the  police  of  the  town.  Merchants' 
accounts  are  kept  in  livres,  sols  and  deniers. 

12  deniers,  1  sol, 

20  sols,  1  livre,  a  current  dollar. 

A  livre  or  current  dollar  equal  to  seventj^-five  cents.  The  weights 
and  measures  are  similar  as  those  in  Valencia. 

The  population  of  Alicant  is  about  20,000. 

The  markets  are  supplied  with  all  the  delicacies  of  the  season, 
plentiful  and  cheap.     Latitude  38  18  N.  Longitude  0  20  W. 


37 


VALENCIA. 


The  Bay  of  Valencia  terminates  at  the  Grao,  the  common  landing 
place — close  to  which  small  craft  anchor.  Few  American  vessels 
frequent  this  port.  Tlie  codfish  trade  however,  is  always  profit- 
able there,  it  being  in  demand  all  tlie  year  round,  for  the  consumption 
of  the  thickly  inhabited  surrounding  country.  First  arrivals  gene- 
rally command  high  prices. 

A  list  of  articles  fit  for  the  Valencia  market  from  tlie  U.  States : 

Flour, 300  bbls. 

White  beans,        .....  200  bushels. 

Blackeyed  peas,  ....  300       do. 

Carolina  beans,    -  -         .         -  200       do. 

Butter  (yellow  color)     ...  50  firkins. 

Lard  .....  50       do. 

Beeswax, 2000  lbs. 

Salmon  (salted)    ....  25  bbls. 

A  few  thousand  white  oak  staves  for  pipes,  hhds.,  and  half  hhds., 
always  sell  to  advantage. 

The  return  cargo  for  the  U.  States  is  wrought  silks  of  superior 
quality. 

Brandy,  in  pipes, 

Wines,  in  hhds.  and  bbls. 

Olives,  in  jars. 

Capers,  in  jars. 

Fruits,  raisins,  in  boxes. 

Saffron,  in  bales  of  1  arroba. 


401494 


38 

One  hundred  pounds  Valencia  weight  is  equal  to  one  hundred  and 
four  pounds  U.  States  weight.  There  are  several  English  houses 
doing  business  there  as  well  as  some  French. 

Merchants'  commissions  are  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  sales,  and 
the  same  on  purchases,  half  per  cent,  for  brokerage.  A  sworn  bro- 
ker is  generally  employed  to  regulate  commercial  disputes  between 
parties.     Accounts  are  kept  in  livres,  sols,  and  deniers. 

12  Deniers,      -         -         -         1  sol. 

20  Sols,  -         -         -         1  livre,  equal  to  75  cents  U.  S. 

Accounts  also  are  kept  in  reals  plate,  sols  and  deniers. 

12  Deniers, 1  sol, 

2  Sols, 1  real  plate. 

10  Reals  plate,  (jiew  currency)          -  1  livre. 

1  Livre,  equal  to    -         -         -         -  75  cents,  U.  S. 

13  Reals  plate   and  6  deniers,  equal  to  1  pillar  dollar. 

One  hundred  pounds  Valencia  weight  of  twelve  ounces,  equal  to 
seventy-seven  pounds  U.  States  weight. 

The  custom-house  is  large  and  capacious,  the  storehouses  are  the 
same.  The  market  is  abundantly  and  cheaply  supplied  with  meat, 
fish,  poultry,  game,  vegetables  and  fruits ;  the  latter,  the  best,  and 
more  in  variety,  than  in  any  other  port  of  Spain.  The  population 
of  Valencia  is  about  eighty  thousand.  The  gates  of  the  town  are 
shut  every  night  by  the  police. 

There  is  a  company  of  Marine  Insurance  there,  a  branch  of  the 
Insurance  Co.  at  Madrid.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  is  a  splendid 
building,  the  custom-house  the  same.  Disputes  between  merchants 
are  settled  at  the  tribunal  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  whose  de- 
cision is  generally  agreed  to,  by  the  parties  interested.  The  captain 
general,  of  the  province  of  Valencia,  is  commander  in  chief,  and 
governor,  civil  and  military,  of  the  town.  Latitude  39  28,  N. ;  Lon- 
gitude 0  28,  W. 


39 


TAEEAGONA. 


The  port  of  Tarragona,  is  a  safe  harbor,  for  shipping  of  all 
classes ;  the  anchorage  is  good,  and  the  depth  of  water  M'ithin  the 
light  house  permits  vessels  of  four  hundred  tons  burthen  to  lie  along 
side  of  the  pier,  where  cargoes  are  loaded  and  unloaded.  American, 
and  other  vessels,  generally  repair  there  for  wines,  brandies,  fruits, 
and  silks.     All  these  articles  are  abundant  and  cheap. 

Brandies  and  white  wines,  are  put  up  in  white  oak  stave  hogs- 
heads, the  red  wines,  are  put  up  in  chesnut  stave  hogsheads. 

Cargoes  of  codfish  sell  well  at  this  port ;  February  is  the  best 
month  to  bring  it  in.  American  flour  and  rice  in  small  quantities, 
sell  well  and  readily, — the  rice  is  preferred  to  the  Piedmont  rice. 

A  list  of  articles  suitable  for  the  'J'arragona  market,  which  will 
sell  well,  or  exchange  for  produce  of  that  place  with  profit. 

Superfine  flour,       ...         -         50O  bbls. 
Carolina  rice,  -         -         -         -  150  tierce. 

White  beans,  ...         -         500  bushels. 

Blackeyed  peas,  -  -  .  -  500  do. 
Carolina  beans,  -  .  -  .  500  do. 
Butter,  (yellow  color)     -         -         -  100  kegs. 

Hogs  lard, 100  do. 

Codfish, 5000  lbs. 

Salmon,  (salted)     -         -  -         -  50  bbls. 

Beeswax, 2000  lbs. 

White  oak  staves,  for  hhds.  and  half  do.,  pipes,  &c.,  hoops  and 
heading  for  filling  up. 


40 

Return  cargoes  consist  of 

Brandies,  in  pipes,  &c. 

Wliite  wines    do.     dp. 

Red         do.        " 

Paper,  per  ream. 

SadVon,  per  lb. 

Nuts,  per  quateria, 

Raisins,  in  boxes  of  25  lbs. 

Grapes,  "      jtivs. 

Dried  fruits,  per  lot  of  25  lbs. 

Silk  in  pieces,  per  yard. 

do.         Shawls,  per  dozen. 

do.  Handkerchiefs,    do. 

do.  Hose,  do. 

do.         Ribbon,  per  yard. 

do.  Netting,  "      do. 

do.  Sewing,  "      lb. 

Cotton  and  linen  goods  &c.  &c.  per  bale. 

All  these  articles,  are  bought  up  very  cheap.  The  silk  goods  are 
of  good  quality,  and  cheap.  In  Tarragona,  over  200,000  pounds 
of  silk  is  manufactured  into  goods.  There  are  manufactories  of 
cotton  and  linen  goods  also. 

The  Sitges,  or  dry  Malvasia,  a  white  wine  of  peculiar  scented 
flavor,  is  bought  for  about  thirty  dollars  the  hhd.  of  GO  gallons, 
and  sometimes  that  price  is  paid  for  the  pipe  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty  gallons ;  of  the  same  wine,  this  is  only  the  case  when  it  is 
plenty  in  market.  It  is  brought  there  by  the  coasting  vessels.  The 
hazel  nut  is  abundant,  it  sells  for  one  dollar  per  bushel.  The  raisin 
is  of  excellent  quality  and  cheap. 

Merchants'  accounts  are  kept  in  livres,  sols,  and  deniers, 

12  Deniers, 1  sol. 

20  Sols, 1  livre. 

A  livre  equal  to  fifty-four  cents  U.  States. 

The  Mexican  gold  dollar  bears  a  premium  there. 

The  Catalan  pound  of  twelve  ounces  equal  to  fourteen  Castilian. 


41 

The  Catalan  quintal  is  of  four  arrobas. 

1  Arroba,         -         -         -         26  lbs.  of  12  oz. 
4  Arrobas,        -         -         -  1  quintal. 

1  Quintal  Catalan  weight,         104  lbs.  U.  Stales,  of  12  oz. 
Measures — 1  quatera  equal  to  one  bushel  U.  States. 

Merchants'  commission  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  sales  and  pur- 
chases, and  half  per  cent,  brokerage.  A  sworn  broker  is  generally 
employed  to  regulate  matters  in  trade,  between  parties  concerned. 

The  custom-house  is  at  the  Marina,  it  is  a  large  and  commodious 
building. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce  is  in  full  force  as  regards  its  laws 
and  regulations  concerning  trade. 

The  markets  are  plentifully  and  cheaply  supplied  with  every 
variety  of  provision  wanted.  Grapes  sell  atone  cent  per  pound, 
oranges,  two  dollars  and  a  half  per  mill.  The  population  of  the 
town  is  about  two  hundred  thousand,  besides  many  strangers  coming 
and  going,  to  and  from  there.  The  merchants  who  do  business 
there,  are  chiefly  English  and  French,  and  some  few  American 
houses.     There  is  an  established  branch  of  the  Cadiz  Insurance  Co. 

The  gates  of  the  town  are  shut  every  night  by  the  police.  The 
government  is  vested  in  a  governor,  who  is  commander-in-chief  of 
the  forces,  civil  and  military  ;  President  of  the  board  of  health,  and 
public  works,  &c.  &c.     Latitude  41  9,   N. ;  Longitude  1  15,  E. 


42 


BAECELONA. 


This  harbour  is  safe,  and  its  anchorage  is  good,  sheltered  by  a 
mole  pier,  at  the  extremity  of  which,  is  tlie  light-house.  Large 
vessels,  anchor  off  in  the  Roads,  to  the  E.  S.  E.  of  the  mole, 
where  portions  of  their  cargo  are  discharged,  and  taken  on  shore, 
to  the  Custom  House,  by  small  craft. 

The  population  is  about  200,000,  more  or  less.  It  is  the 
second  best  sea-port  of  the  Spanish  government,  consequently  the 
resort  of  a  great  many  foreign  vessels. 

American  flour  is  generally  preferred,  and  sells  to  advantage — 
say  from  thirteen  to  fifteen  dollars  per  barrel,  when  not  sent  in 
too  large  quantities  at  a  time.  Codfish  also  commands  ready  and 
profitable  sales.  Rice  is  always  in  demand,  esteemed  better,  by  the 
inhabitants,  than  the  Piedmont  rice.  Cargoes  of  white  oak  staves, 
chesnut  ditto,  for  pipes,  hhds.,  and  bbls.,  are  always  wanted  there — 
it  being  the  great  emporium  of  the  Wines  and  Brandy  of  Spain. 
American  cottons,  are  sometimes  saleable  there,  to  supply  the 
manufactories  in  the  province  ;  it  is  preferred  to  the  Brazil  or  Smyrna 
cotton.  White  beans,  blackeyed  peas,  Carolina  beans,  beeswax, 
butter,  hogs'  lard,  beef,  pork,  pitch  and  tar,  are  always  saleable 
with  profit:  by  increasing  the  quantity  of  cargo,  about  one  quarter 
more  than  that  for  Tarragona,  the  cargo  for  Barcelona  will  be  made 
up. — The  return  cargo  consists  of 

Brandies,     -         -         .         -         .  per  pipes. 

Red  and  white  wines,     ...  per  hhds  and  half  do. 

Silk  goods  in  pieces  of  all  colors  and 

textures, per  yard. 


43 

Silk  sliawls,  .         -         -         .  per  dozen. 

Do.   Ilaiulkercliiefs,      -         -         -  "       do. 

Do.   Hose,  -----  "       do. 

Do.  Ribbons,       -         -         -         -  per  yard. 

Do.  Sewing,        -         -         -         -  "      do. 

Linen  and  woollen  goods,        -         -  per  bale. 

Paper,  ...         -         -  per  ream. 

Thread  lace,  _  _         -         -  per  yard. 

Saffron,         -         .         -         .         .  per  lb. 

Nuts,  -         -         _         _         -  per  quatera. 

Raisins,         -----  per  boxes  of  25  lbs. 

Sweet  oil,     -----  per  gallon. 

Dried  fruits,  -  -  -  -  in  jars. 

Olives,  -----  «i    do. 

Capers,  --.--.  "     do. 

Weights  and  measure,  merchants'  accounts,  the  same  as  in  Tarragona 
—as  also  the  money  regulations.  Commissions  two  per  cent,  on 
purchases,  two  and  a  half  on  sales  ;  the  intervention  of  a  sworn  broker 
is  necessary  to  witness  commercial  transactions,  his  fee  is  half  per 
cent. — Foreign  coins  are  in  circulation,  but  their  value  is  regulated 
by  the  exchange  of  the  day.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce,  where  all 
mercantile  disputes  are  settled,  and  the  Royal  Custom  House,  are 
splendid  and  capacious  buildings.  There  are  branches  of  Insurance 
companies  of  diflerent  parts  of  Spain,  established  at  this  port. 
American,  English,  French,  and  Dutch  Iiouses,  do  pretty  much  all 
the  business  which  is  done  in  this  extensive  port. 

The  Exchange  is  a  splendid  edifice. 

The  gates  of  the  town  are  shut  every  night  by  the  police. 

The  markets  are  daily  supplied,  with  meat,  fish,  poultry,  fruit, 
vegetables  and  game,  plenty  and  cheap. 

The  governor  of  the  town,  is  over  the  military  and  civil  part  of 
the  community.  He  is  president  of  the  supreme  tribunal,  and 
board  of  health,  of  the  Royal  works,  &c.  The  province,  however, 
is  governed  by  a  captain-general,  who  resides  at  Barcelona. 

Latitude  41  20,  N.;  Longitude  02  18,  E. 


41 


MAHON. 

(ISLAND  OF  MINORCA.) 

Tills  Island  is  thirty  miles  in  length,  and  about  fifteen  in  breadth. 
— The  harbour  of  Mahon,  its  capital  town,  is  safe,  extensive  and 
convenient,  for  shipping  of  all  sizes  to  anchor  in  ;  a  line  of  battle 
ship  can  lay  up  at  the  dock  with  ease.  All  nations  who  have 
men-of-war,  send  them  frequently  to  Mahon.  It  has  been  for 
years  past  the  rendezvous  of  the  United  States  squadron  in  the 
Mediterranean. 

A  small  cargo  of  sundries  from  the  United  States,  will  sell  well 
and  profitably  at  Mahon. 

Superfine  flour,       ....  300  bbls. 

Rice,     --...-  20  tierce. 

White  beans,          ....  500  bushels. 

Blackeyed  peas,     -         -         -         -  500      do. 

Butter,  (yellow  color,)   .         -         .  100  kegs. 

Lard, 100    do. 

Salmon,   (salted,)  -         .         -         -  50  bbls. 

Hyson  Tea,           ....  50  chests. 

Black,    do. 50     do. 

Drugs,  (assorted,)    ^ 

Paints,        do.,          v   a  small  quantity  of  each. 

Paint  oil,       -  j 

There  are  a  few  English  commercial  houses,  branches  of  Gibraltar 
houses  established  there.  Merchants'  accounts,  commissions,  broker- 
age, money — weights  and  measures,  &c.,  are  regulated  by  those  of 
Palma,  (Island  of  Majorca.)    The  market  is  supplied  with   meat, 


45 

fish,  (sea  date  and  oysters,)  poultry,  vegetables  and  fruits — plentiful 
and  cheap.  The  number  of  the  iniiabitants  is  about  fifiy  thousand, 
including  strangers.  The  Custom  House,  and  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, are  large  and  spacious  buildings. — Cargoes  are  not  obtained 
there,  but  at  Palma,  for  the  United  Slates,  as  also  at  Ivica. 

In  justice  to  the  memory  of  the  late  Mr.  Baker,  it  is  but  fair 
to  state,  that  in  1815,  when  the  squadron  was  at  Mahon,  he  did,  in 
conjunction  with  the  late  Commodore  Shaw,  U.  S.  N.,  obtain  all 
the  advantages  and  privileges  which  have  been  so  long  enjoyed 
by  our  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean. 

An  extract  of  a  letter,  from  the  late  Commodore  Shaw,  com- 
manding the  United  States  squadron,  at  that  period,  at  Mahon  is 
annexed.     It  is  to  John  Martin  Baker,  Consul,  &c. 

"I  had  tlie  pleasure  of  being  introduced  to  you,  at  Malaga,  and 
after  our  conversation,  regarding  Port  Mahon,  as  a  rendezvous  for 
the  squadron  under  my  command,  you  accompanied  me  to  Mahon, 
leaving  a  large  commercial  concern  unsettled — and  used  all  your 
influence  with  the  governor-general,  and  head  officers  connected 
with  the  Revenue  and  Navy  departments,  necessary  to  the  interest 
of  the  United  States,  and  convenience  of  the  squadron — all  of  which 
duly  you  performed,  to  my  entire  satisfaction  and  benefit  to  the 
United  States — and  for  which  I  tender  you  my  sincere  thanks." 

(Signed)  John  Shaw, 

Capt.  U.  S.  Navjs 
Commanding  U.  S.  Naval  Squadron  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Washington,  February  14  th,  1818. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  Mr.  Baker  was  of  essential  benefit  to 
our  Navy  and  to  the  interest  of  the  United  Slates.  Another  essential 
service  Mr.  Baker  performed  during  his  consulship  at  the  Island — 
of  great  and  lasting  benefit  to  the  American  merchants  trading  there, 
was  the  following  : — "  When  foreign  vessels  had  discharged  their 
cargoes  at  any  of  the  ports  of  Spain,  they  were  examined  by  the 
officers  of  the  customs,  and  after  a  report  thereon,  permits  of 
clearance  for  departure  were  granted.  By  treaty  convention  between 
Great  Britain  and  Spain,  this  search  was  not  insisted  on  with 
British  vessels — the  words  of  that  part  of  the  treaty  with  England 
were  conclusive  on  that — "that  no  Brilisli  vessel  should  be  searched 


46 

until  aflcr  eight  clear  working  clays  had  elapsed,  from  the  day  of  the 
delivery  of  the  manifest" — wliich  is  enacted  twenty-four  hours  after 
any  vessel's  admission  to  Pratique,  in  all  Spanish  ports.  The  treaty 
between  liie  United  States  and  Si)ain  did  not  embrace  this  point  in 
question,  in  so  many  words — "  The  United  States  trading  vessels 
were  to  receive  the  same  courtesy,  that  vessels  of  the  most  favored 
nations  did. — Consequently  IMr.  Baker  demanded  that  right  for  the 
flag  of  the  nation  for  which  he  was  consul,  (viz.  the  United  Stales.) 
The  brig  Polly,  of  Salem,  Timothy  Daggett,  master,  coming  into 
the  Port  of  Palma,  Island  of  Majorca,  in  March,  1804 — and  after 
having  discharged /)«r/  of  his  cargo,  (Codfish)  decided  on  sailing  to 
Leghorn,  for  a  better  market.  Six  days  only  had  elapsed,  from  the 
day  after  the  delivery  of  liis  manifest;  when,  at  the  moment  of  his 
departure,  the  custom  house  officers  came  on  board,  and  demanded 
search  of  the  vessel,  an  act  they  were  privileged  to  perform  on 
all  vessels,  not  privileged  by  treaty,  otherwise.  This  act  was 
opposed  by  Mr.  Baker,  the  consul,  who  was  present,  founding  his 
right  upon  the  I9lh  article  of  the  treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Spain,  which  has  before  been  mentioned.  After  some  com- 
munication between  the  consul  and  the  authorities  of  that  port,  the 
vessel  was  no/  searched,  and  departed.  After  this,  communications 
were  entered  into,  between  Mr.  Baker,  United  States  consul,  and  the 
supreme  authorities  of  the  Island,  the  minister  of  the  United  States 
at  Madrid  (Hon.  Charles  Pincknej'-,  Esq.,)  and  also  George  W. 
Irving,  Esq.,  minister  also  at  Madrid  after  Mr.  Pinckney,  and  the 
minister  of  Foreign  affairs  of  his  Catholic  majesty  the  King  of  Spain, 
the  conclusion  of  all  which  was,  eventually,  in  favor  of  the  United 
States.  Thus  obtaining  what  had  never  before  been  thought  of,  the 
right  of  search  in  favor  of  American  vessels  in  the  ports  of  Spain, 
much  to  the  advantage  of  the  merchant  and  trader  of  our  country. 

The  government  of  the  Island  is  vested  in  a  civil  and  military 
governor,  commander  of  the  forces,  president  of  the  board  of  health, 
&c.,  but  subject  to  the  captain-general  of  the  Balearic  Islands 
residing  at  Palma. 

Latitude,  39  50,  N. ;  Longitude,  03  53,  E. 


47 


PALMA.  ^^ 

(ISLAND  OF  MAJORCA.) 

This  Island  is  sixty  miles  in  length,  and  forty  in  breadth.  Palma, 
its  capital  town,  situated  on  the  bay  of  Palma,  is  a  fine  and  commo- 
dious harbor,  and  good  anchorage  ;  but  vessels  of  over  two  hundred 
tons  cannot  get  over  the  bar,  so  as  to  load  and  unload,  at  the  pier  : 
but  lay  off,  at  good  and  safe  anchorage,  for  that  purpose.  The  light 
house  is  about  two  miles  out,  on  the  western  shore  of  the  bay  ; 
within  it,  the  large  vessels  frequenting  this  port  anchor,  to  load  and 
unload  by  the  aid  of  small  craft.  All  sized  vessels  may  with  safety 
enter  there. 

List  of  a  cargo,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  fit  for  this 
market,  and  which  will  sell  readily,  and  with  profit,  or  may  be 
traded  away  for  produce. 

Superfine  flour,      ...         -         500  bbls. 
Carolina  rice,  .         -         .         -  50  tierce. 

White  beans,  .         .         .         -  500  bushels. 

Blackeyed  peas,      ...         -  1000     do. 

Carolina  beans,       ...         -  1000      do. 

Codfish, 5000  lbs. 

Salmon,  (salted,)    -         -         -         -  50  bbls. 

Butter, 50  kegs. 

Lard, 50    do. 

Hyson  Tea, 20  chests. 

Black,    do. 20     do. 

To  fill  up — staves,  while  oak,  for  pipe,  hhds.,  and  bbls.,  hoops 
and  headings. 


48 

i    The  produce  of  the  Island  fit  for  the  American  market,  is  abundant 
and  cheap  ;  viz. 


Brandy,         -         .         - 

Red  and  white  wines, 

Oil,  (olive,)   - 

Almonds,  (soft  shells,)     - 

Almonds,  (hard  shelled,) 

Olives,  -         -         -         . 

Capers, 

Anchovies, 

Red  pepper,  -         -         - 

Oranges, 

Lemons, 

Nuts,    -         -         -         - 

Dried  fruit,    -        -        - 


Oranges  and  lemons  are  so  plenty  that  France  is  supplied  by  the 
people  of  that  Island,  with  those  fruits. 

Merchants'  commissions  are  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  sales 
and  puchases,  each — half  per  cent,  brokerage.  The  intervention  of  a 
sworn  broker  is  indispensably  necessary. 

The  Majorca  lb.  is  of  12  ozs. 

The  Quintal  of  14  arrobas. 


in  pipes. 

&c. 

"     do. 

(( 

"  jars. 

"  bags. 

"    do. 

in  jars. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

in  boxes  of  250. 

do. 

<( 

in  bags. 

in  sundry  packages 

1   Arroba,    -         -  -         - 

4       do.        -         -  -         - 

equal  to  92  lb.  United  States  weight. 


25  lbs. 
1  quintal. 


Measures — 1  qualera  equal  to  1  bushel.     Merchants  keep  their 
accounts  in  livres,  sols,  and  deniers. 


12  Deniers, 
20  Sols,       - 
1  Livre  equal  to  66|  cents. 


1  sol. 
1  livre. 


The  gold  dollar  bears  a  premium  there  of  5  per  cent. 


49 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce,  where  all  mercantile  disputes  are 
settled,  the  Custom  House,  and  its  adjoining  stores,  and  the 
Exchange,  are  all  very  fine  commodious  buildings. 

Commercial  establishments  of  English  and  some  few  French  are 
there,  doing  business  for  nearly  all  the  foreigners  coming  to  the 
Islands. 

The  markets  are  supplied  with  meat,  fish,  vegetables  and  fruit, 
plenty  and  cheap.  Many  fruits,  which  are. common  in  the  United 
States,  are  the  same  at  Palma,  viz  :  apricots,  peaches,  apples, 
cherries,  quinces  and  melons,  besides  the  different  fruits,  common 
in  the  Mediterranean. 

The  population  of  Palma  is  about  forty  thousand  ;  the  language, 
is  peculiar  to  the  Island,  it  difiers  from  the  patois  of  the  other 
provinces  of  Spain.  There  are  several  towns  on  the  island,  of  con- 
siderable size  and  consequence  at  Palma  ;  the  gates  are  shut  every 
night,  by  the  police  of  the  town. 

From  aletter  written  to  Mr,  Baker,  United  States  Consul  atMahon, 
from  Hon.  Thomas  Jefferson,  ex-president  of  the  United  Slates — 
dated  Monticello,  July  25th,  1809,  the  following  few  lines  regard- 
ing the  wine  trade  on  the  Islands  of  the  Mediterranean,  are  extracted, 
for  the  reason  that  some  persons  imagine  thai  wines  from  those 
Islands  will  not  keep  good  a  voyage  to  the  United  Slates  market, 
and  Mr.  Baker  having  sent  to  Mr.  Jefferson  a  sample  of  wine,  which 

had  been  sent  direct  from  Sardinia  to  Mahon,  to  Mr.  B ,  which 

had  been  highly  esteemed  by  Mr.  Jcfierson — the  latter  writing  to 
Mr.  B.,  for  a  supply  of  the  same,  for  his  private  use,  made  the 
following  remarks. 

"You  will  please  send  me  another  supply  of  the  Albaflor  and 
some  Banalfufar  wine,"  with  other  things  he  requires  in  his  letter 
to  Mr.  B.,  stating  that  it  is  of  fine  flavor,  and  of  better  quality 
than  that  received  from  other  parts  of  the  ]Mediterranean.  The  only 
reason  for  mentioning  the  circumstance,  is,  that,  as  the  idea  is  yet 
the  same — regarding  these  wines,  (viz,  that  it  will  not  keep  good  a 
voyage  to  the  United  States,)  the  fact  staled  above  may  change  the 
opinions  of  some,  and  induce  the  merchant  to  look  into  this  trade 
with  more  attention  than  he  had  done  before.  The  merchanls 
of  our  country  may  rest  assured,  that  the  wine  trade  of  half  of  the 
Mediterranean  sea-ports,  is   not  yet  understood  by   them,  that  the 


50 

English  merchants  lo  tliis  day,  monopolize  that  trade,  greatly  to  the 
detriment  of  the  American  commerce  in  general. 

The  Island  and  its  four  compass  points,  secures  shelter  to  the 
mariner. — Port  Colom  on  the  south  of  the  bay — and  on  the  north 
side,  Port  Sellers,  both  admit  vessels  of  large  size,  (from  five  to 
six  hundred  tons  burthen)  to  anchor.  Vessels  are  sheltered  from 
the  heavy  winds  which  blow  very  violent  sometimes  in  that  quarter. 
The  town  of  Filanilzs  is  of  considerable  size,  about  six  miles  from 
Palma  ;  its  chief  production  is  brandy. — The  bay  of  Alendin  is 
situated  on  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  the  Island. 

It  is  spacious — affording  good  and  safe  anchorage  for  any  size 
vessels.  The  public  squares  and  edifices  of  Palma,  are  worthy  of 
the  stranger's  notice.  Carrara  marble,  whicli  is  so  noted  for  its 
■whiteness  in  Italy,  can  be  equalled  by  marble  of  that  Island  ;  but  the 
quarries  are  not  worked  now.  Palma  is  fortified  and  walled  all 
round.  The  present  Exchange,  is  a  large  gothic  building,  formerly 
used  as  a  deposit  house  for  goods,  by  the  Spanish  Asiatic  Company 
— (or  Spanish  East  India  company) — for  further  transportation. 
The  Seville  Insurance  Company  have  a  branch  established  at 
Palma.  The  olives  and  capers  are  an  abundant  production  of  the 
Island,  and  are  bought  very  low. 

Calabra  is  a  small  island  E.  S.  E.  ten  miles  distant  from  Palma, 
produces  a  great  quantity  of  goats,  which  are  very  useful  and  profit- 
able to  the  people  of  the  island.  The  captain-general  of  the  Balea- 
ric Islands  resides  at  Palma,  and  is  civil  governor,  president  of  the 
board  of  health,  and  of  the  public  works,  and  judge  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce.     Latitude  39  34,  N. ;  Longitude  2  30,  E. 


51 


lYICA. 

(ISLAND  OF  IVICA.) 

The  island  is  twenty  miles  in  length  and  fifteen  in  breadth.  Ivica 
is  the  capital  town  of  the  island  ;  the  port  is  safe  and  sheltered,  willi 
good  anchorage,  high  lands  all  around  the  harbor,  its  entrance  nar- 
row, but  not  dangerous,  with  the  advantage  of  deep  water;  depth, 
sufficient  for  any  size  vessels  to  anchor.  The  port  is  frequented  by 
vessels  of  all  nations,  for  cargoes  of  salt,  who  arrive  in  the  months 
of  August,  September,  and  October.  The  salt  pits  round  the  town, 
furnish  any  quantity  of  salt  wanted  ;  soft  shelled  almonds  are  abundant 
and  cheap.  Specie  is  necessary  to  buy  cargo  at  tliat  port.  It  is  said  by 
some,  that  the  salt  is  the  best  in  the  Mediterranean.  Sometimes  a 
small  cargo  of  rice,  codfish,  flour,  a  kw  kegs  of  lard,  butter,  a  small 
quantity  of  blackeyed  peas,  and  white  beans,  will  sell  there  very 
advantageously,  and  for  which,  produce  can  be  obtained  if  required, 
at  reasonable  rates,  in  exchange.  Salt  is  at  a  fixed  price  generally, 
by  the  administration  of  the  customs  at  twelve  dollars  the  modim, 
or  thirty  cvvt.,  U.  States  weight;  weights  and  measures,  commis- 
sions, book  accounts,  brokerage,  &c.,  are  all  governed  by  the  same 
rules  as  at  Palma.  Coins  of  dilTerent  countries  are  current,  and 
regulated  in  value  by  the  daily  exchange.  The  custom-house  is  a 
capacious  building.  The  markets  are  all  well  supplied  with  the 
necessaries  of  life,  abundamt  and  cheap.  The  Sardine  fish  is  an 
article  of  trade  there,  they  are  put  up  in  cases  in  oil  and  exported. 

The  population  of  the  town  and  island  is  about  10,000.  The 
government  of  the  town  is  vested  in  the  governor  of  the  island,  who 
is  President  of  the  board  of  health,  Inspector-general  of  the  public 


;52 

works,  and  Judge  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  He  is  subject  never- 
tlieless  at  all  times  to  the  order  of  the  captain-general  at  Palma. 
There  are  a  few  English  firms  who  do  a  limited  business  there.  Lati- 
tude 38  50,  N. ;  Longitude  1  40,  E. 


53 


MAHSEILLES. 


It  is  asserted  to  be  the  oldest  city  in  Europe,  and  now  the  first 
commercial  city  in  France.  It  is  situated  on  the  bay  of  the  same 
name  between  Cape  Couronne  and  Cape  Croisette,  the  first  high 
land,  the  latter  low  land.  Cassio  a  small  village  near  by,  from  whence 
fruits,  brandies  and  wines  are  sent  ofi'  to  Marseilles  for  export.  The 
port  of  Marseilles  has  in  front  of  it  an  island  which  is  fortified  on 
all  sides,  and  on  the  north-west  is  the  passage  of  the  entrance  to  the 
harbor.  The  harbor  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  safest  and  most  con- 
venient in  the  Mediterranean ;  at  the  entrance  the  water  is  from  twenty 
to  thirty  feet,  on  the  outside  vessels  may  anchor  in  four  or  five  fathoms 
water.  All  around  the  basin  are  docks  and  warehouses  for  the 
general  accommodation  of  vessels  and  cargoes.  The  city  was  pro- 
tected formerly  with  a  wall,  but  now  it  is  converted  into  a  splendid 
promenade,  and  the  more  wealthy  have  gardens  and  summer  retreats 
around  and  about  where  the  wall  once  stood.  There  is  the  old  and 
new  town.  The  former  is  more  populous,  but  not  so  handsomely 
laid  out;  the  latter  is  built  in  a  modern  style,  and  is  in  a  very 
cleanly  condition,  owing  to  the  great  quantity  of  water  through  the 
city.  The  public  edifices  are  magnificent  and  numerous  ;  the  Cathe- 
dral Town-hall  or"  Prefecture,"  Palace  of  Justice,  the  Custom-house, 
the  Tribunal  of  Commerce,  the  Lazaretto,  the  Hospitals,  &;c.,  are  all 
worthy  of  notice.  Literary  Societies,  viz.  Academy  of  Painting, 
Sculpture  and  Architecture,  the  Botanical  Society  and  garden  of 
plants.  Museum  Royal,  Astronomical  Society  and  Observatory  es- 
tablished by  the  Jesuits,  Royal  College  of  Belles  Lettres,  University 
of  Commerce,  Navigation,  Surgery  and  Medicine.     Marseilles  next 


54 

to  Paris  is  tlie  most  populous  ;  in  1830  Marseilles  contained  145,000 
iiihabilants  ;  the  people  are  courteous  and  polite  to  strangers,  and 
honorable  in  all  their  mercantile  arrangements,  which  is  extended 
to  pretty  much  all  the  principal  sea  ports  of  the  known  world. 
Merchants  of  all  nations  are  there  doing  foreign  business. 

The  markets  are  plentifully  supplied  with  all  the  delicacies  of  the 
season.  Fruits  in  abundance  and  cheap.  The  exports  of  that  port 
are  numerous  ;  wines,  brandies,  fruits,  silk,  paper,  jewelry,  cloths, 
hardware,  glass,  &c.  &c.  This  port  and  its  commercial  arrange- 
ments are  too  well  known  to  need  a  further  or  lengthened  account 
of  it.  German  goods  through  Marseilles  find  their  way  to  the  U. 
States  market,  and  Hamburg  is  the  principal  mart  for  bills  of  exchange, 
for  goods  &c.  coming  from  and  going  there.  Latitude  43  17,  N. ; 
Longitude  5  27,  E. 


55 


TOULON. 


Nothing  as  regards  trade  can  be  mentioned  about  Toulon.  It  is  tlie 
naval  depot  for  the  French  government.  Its  harbor  is  capacious, 
and  the  anchorage  good.  The  town  is  a  considerable  one  in  size, 
and  has  some  very  ancient  and  splendid  buildings  in  it.  Some  few 
American  cargoes  if  assorted  properly,  can  be  disposed  of  there  for 
cash,  or  for  the  produce  of  the  country.  Latitude  43  07,  N.  ;  Longi- 
tude 6  01,  E. 


56 


GENOA. 


Genoa    is  the  principal  sea-port  of  the  Sardinian  government, 
celebrated  for  its  beautiful  situation,  its  splendid  buildings,  and  its 
great  and  varied   commerce.     The  harbor  is  safe  and  commodious, 
with  depth  of  water  suflicient  for  any  class  of  vessels,  defended  by 
two  extensive  moles,  upon  which,  are  two  splendid  light-houses,  lit 
up  every  night  for  the  safety  and  convenience  of  the  mariner,  be- 
sides another  one  on  the  west  side  of  the  port.     The  situation  of  this 
port  commands  an  immediate  communication  with  the  Levant  and 
Adriatic.     Vessels  from  all  parts  of  Europe  frequent  there,  for  the 
purpose  of  trading.     Genoa  may  be  termed,  from  its  varied  com- 
merce, one  of  the  emporiums  of  trade   of  the  Mediterranean*     Its 
population    is,    including    strangers,    about    150,000.     The    public 
buildings  are  numerous,  the  Genoa  Bank,  the  upper  and  lower  tri- 
bunals of  Commerce,  with  all  their  laws  in  full  force,  the  Custom- 
house, with  its  immense  stores  attached,  the  Lazaretto,  the  Senate 
and  lower  House  of  Deputies,  the  Governor's  Palace,   the  Royal 
Insurance  Co.'s  buildings,  and  many  others  of  less  note,  attract  the 
notice  of  all  strangers  visiting  that  port,  and  show  that  Genoa  is  a 
town  of  wealth  and  importance.     The  importations  are  sugar,  coffee, 
cocoa,   cotton,  cochineal,  indigo,   dyewoods,   tobacco,  flour,  wheat, 
corn,  fish,  hides,  lead,  tallow,  pitch,  tar,  wax,  pepper,  spices,  mus- 
lins, cotton  goods,  nankeens,  iron  ware,  glass,  tea,  &c.  &c.,  all  of 
which  sell  readily  and  profitably  in  the  Genoa  market.     There  is 
much  facihty  and  security  in  Genoa  in  carrying  on  business.    There 
are  upwards  of  one  thousand  mercantile  houses  of  high  standing  and 
credit  established  in  Genoa.     The  exports  of  Genoa  are  various : 


57 

lemons,  citrons,  oranges,  prunes,  capers,  olives,  olive  oil,  soap,  silks, 
damasks,  satins,  velvets,  laces,  linens,  gloves,  ribbons,  hosiery, 
paper,  macaroni,  vermicelli,  sweetmeats,  dried  fruits,  manufactured 
marble,  ditto  slabs  and  tiles,  figs,  raisins,  wines,  brandies,  all  of 
superior  quality  and  cheap.  These  can  be  obtained  either  by  selling 
the  American  cargo,  and  buying,  or  by  exchanging  one  produce  for 
the  other,  generally  to  the  profit  of  the  American  trader. 

Exchange  with  the  different  parts  of  Europe  is  easily  had.  The 
banking  system,  under  certain  restrictions  from  the  government,  is 
a  large  and  considerable  branch  of  business  in  Genoa,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  foreign  gold  and  silver  is  always  afloat  there,  the  value  of 
which  is  determined  by  the  daily  exchange.  Merchants'  commis- 
sions are  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  sales,  and  the  same  on  pur- 
chases. 

MONEY. 

12  Denier,  ...  1  soldi, 

20  Soldi,  -  -         -         .  1  lire,  8  pence  sterling. 

30  Soldi,  -  -         -         -  1  testoon,  1  shilling   " 

6  Testoons,  -         -         -  1  genouine,  6s.  4d.    " 

20  Lires,  .        -         -  1  pistole,  14s.  4(1.      " 

Merchants  keep  their  accounts  in  the  above  named  monies. 

Sworn  brokers  are  generally  used  between  parties  trading  in  the 
Mediterranean  sea-ports  as  a  witness  to  any  bargain  made  ;  they 
generally  receive  half  per  cent,  for  their  trouble.  It  is  here  neces- 
sary to  state,  that  all  kinds  of  sugars  are  always  in  demand  in  Genoa  ; 
the  Havanna  and  New  Orleans  sugars  are  preferred.  Wheal  is  in 
general  use,  and  great  quantities  consumed,  consequently  flour  is 
always  in  demand.  American  flour  is  generally  preferred,  and  brings 
good  prices.  It  is  even  bought  up  to  export  again  to  many  small 
ports  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Levant.  January  and  February 
are  the  best  mo'nths  to  bring  codfish  to  the  Genoa  market;  indigo, 
fustic,  braziletto,  all  sell  well.  Honey  is  always  in  great  demand, 
high  prices  given  for  first  quality.  The  Island  of  Cuba  honey  which 
can  be  bought  in  Cuba  for  twenty  cents  per  gallon,  will  bring  at 
Genoa,  $1  20,  per  gallon.     It  is  preferred  to  any  other  honey. 

Rum  is  an  article  though  of  small  consumption,  is  sometimes  in 
5 


68. 

demand,  and  brings  a  high  price  ;  it  is  used  for  preserving  fruits. 
Beeswax  is  an  article  of  great  consumption,  and  always  meets  with 
ready  sale.  Pitch  and  tar  are  bought  up,  and  then  sent  to  the  nor- 
thern ports  of  the  Mediterranean.  Salt  beef  and  pork,  butter,  lard, 
and  beans,  teas,  &c.,  from  the  E.  Indies,  are  in  general  demand,  and 
bring  handsome  profits  to  the  trader  who  carries  them  to  that  port. 
In  almost  all  of  the  European  seaports,  they  have  a  general  import 
duty  at  Genoa,  many  articles  of  import  are  free  of  duty,  owing  to 
the  great  desire  of  the  sovereign  of  that  kingdom,  to  improve  the 
general  trading  business  at  Genoa,  as  well  as  to  ameliorate  the 
wants  of  his  people.  Genoa  has  again  regained  her  ancient  splen- 
dor, and  is  a  flourishing,  populous  and  mercantile  town.  Latitude 
44  25,  N. ;  Longitude  8  20,  E, 


59 


LEGHOrvK 


Tliis  port  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  much  frequented  by  foreign 
vessels. 

The  city  is  laid  out  in  modern  style,  and  has  some  very 
splendid  buildings  in  it.  The  port  is  very  well  fortified,  having  two 
forts  towards  the  sea — besides  the  citadel.  There,  persons  of  all 
nations  have  free  access  for  mercantile  affairs,  and  may  settle  there 
if  they  choose.  The  inhabitants  number  about  fifty  thousand — many 
of  them  are  artisans,  working  at  the  different  manufactories  of  the 
town.  There  are  some  English  commercial  houses  there,  who  do  the 
foreign  business.' 


MONEY. 

20  Soldi, 

- 

- 

1  Lire, 

8  pence  sterling 

6  Lires, 

- 

- 

1  Piastre  Ex.    - 

As.  2(1.         " 

11     " 

- 

- 

1  Ducat, 

bs.  2d.         " 

22     " 

- 

- 

1  Pistole, 

15s.  Qd.         " 

Merchants  keep  their  accounts  in  the  above  named  money,  and 
their  commissions  are  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  purchases,  and  the 
same  on  sales — half  per  cent  brokerage. 

The  Italian  Canlare  is  190  lbs  English. 

1  Palm,  equal  to  91  inches.  " 

1  Brasse,   "  2\  yards.  " 

The  Leghorn  straw  is  considered  the  best  in  the  Mediterranean 
for  bonnets,  hats,  &c.,  used — it  is  an  article,  when  made  up,  of 
great  importance  to  their  commerce,  as  they  export  large  quantities 
of  the  same  to  foreign  countries  ;  large  portions  of  that  kind  of  goods 


60 

as  \v6ll  as  other  goods,  of  that  portion  of  tlie  Itahan  country,  go  to 
the  South  American  markets  and  find  ready  and  profitable  sales  or 
exchanges.  Wines,  brandies,  and  fruits,  form  a  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  export  trade  of  Leghorn,  also,  oil,  olives,  anchovies,  &c. 
American  cargoes,  (assorted)  of  their  own  produce,  always  sell 
well,  and  profitably  at  Leghorn. 

The  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Custom  House,  Exchange,  Lazaretto 
and  Genoa  Insurance  Company  buildings,  are  all  very  splendid 
edifices.  In  all  Italian  ports,  traders  can  either  sell  for  cash,  or 
exchange  for  produce  of  the  neighborhood  where  they  are  at, — a 
convenience,  which  is  always  of  great  benefit,  as  a  voyage  to  the 
Mediterranean  in  that  case,  would  not  be  as  long  as  otherwise. 
The  produce  of  the  interior  of  Leghorn,  is  abundant  and  cheap.  Our 
flour  and  rice  are  always  preferred  to  any  other,  and  always  find  a 
ready  and  profitable  market. 

Latitude  43  33,  N. ;  Longitude  10  16,  E. 


61 


CIVITAVECHIA. 


A  port  of  the  Papal  dominions.  There  is  no  particular  direct  trade 
to  that  port  from  any  part.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  harbor, 
having  two  entrances  equally  safe  for  vessels — South-east  and  north- 
west. 

The  mole  is  walled  with  marble,  and  has  large  brass  rings  attached, 
where  vessels  fasten  their  cables  to,  and  lie  there  in  perfect  security. 

There  is  but  one  export  from  there,  viz :  the  celebrated  Roman 
cement.  Vessels  from  different  places,  come  there  and  load  with 
this  cement,  often  during  the  year.  It  is  the  monopoly  of  a  convent 
of  Nuns. 

The  population  of  Civitavechia  is  about  thirty  thousand  souls. 


MONEY. 

8  Bayocas, 

- 

1  Julio, 

6  pence 

24       "      - 

- 

1  Testoon,     - 

Is.  6d. 

12  Julios, 

- 

1  Crown, 

Gs. 

31      do.    - 

- 

1  Pistole, 

-       15s.  Qd. 

Accounts  are  kept  with  this  money. 
Latitude  42  05,  N.;  Longitude  11  51,  E. 


62 


EASTIA. 

(ISLAND  OF  CORSICA.) 

This  Island  lies  opposite  Genoa.  It  is  mountainous  and  woody, 
and  produces  corn,  wine,  oil,  olives,  and  various  fruits.  Its  markets 
are  plentifully  supplied  with  meat  and  fish. 

Bastia  is  the  capital  town  of  the  Island,  a  place  highly  fortified, 
and  with  a  population  of  thirty  thousand  persons.  This  island 
aff'ords  some  opening  for  trade  with  the  American  merchant,  as 
American  produce  (in  small  quantities)  is  always  in  demand. 

Latitude  42  20,  N. ;  Longitude  09  40,  E. 


63 


ISLAND   OF   SARDINIA. 

This  is  a  very  fertile  Island,  and  one  of  great  importance  to  us, 
as  regards  our  commerce  in  the  Mediterranean.  It  belongs  to  the 
King  of  Sardinia. 


CAGLIAEI. 


The  capital  town  of  this  Island,  with  a  population  of  fifty  thousand 
souls — is  situated  on  the  south  side,  with  a  capacious  roadstead, 
safe  for  shipping,  where  vessels  anchor,  load  or  unload  their  cargoes 
at  any  seasons  of  the  year.  The  next  town  in  size,  is  Saserri,  with 
a  population  of  about  thirty  thousand — situated  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Island,  and  has  a  harbor  with  the  same  convenience  as  Cagliari. 
— Both  offer  great  advantage  for  trade,  to  the  American  merchant. 
The  exports  of  the  Island  are. 

Wines,    )  .    ,  ,  ,  ,  . , , 

_,       -       >  m  hhds.  and  bbls. 
Brandy,   ) 

Rabbit,  goat,  kid  and  fox  skins, 

Bullocks'  hides,  Salt  provisions. 

Macaroni  and  vermicelli. 

Capers  and  olives  in  jars. 

Oil  in  jars  and  bottles. 


64 

Salt,  Cork,  Barilla. 
Fruits,  viz.  raisins,  lemons,  grapes. 
Nuts,     "   almonds. 
Dried  fruits,  sweetmeats. 
Orehilla,  Dye  Stuff. 
All  these  articles  are  abundant  and  cheap. 

Salt  is  bought  at  about  $5  per  English  ton,  on  board.  Barilla 
is  also  an  article  of  export  in  large  quantities. 

Go(^1s  proper  for  the  Sardinia  market,  assorted  for  Cagliari,  or 
Saserri,  (a  small  adventure  for  an  example,) 

Alum,         .        -        .  .  1  ton. 

Black  pepper,     -         -  -  50  cwt. 

Sugar,  New  Orleans,  -  50  cwt. 

Coffee,  (Rio,)     -         -  -  50  cwt. 

A  small  assortment  of  clotiis  of  different  colors. 

Ditto  of  Hardware. 

Ditto  of  Leather,  (prepared.) 

Ditto  of  Tin  in  boxes,  (different  size.) 

Lead  in  pigs. 

20  puncheons  of  New  Orleans  Rum,  for  preserving  fruit. 

10  boxes  Irish  Linens. 

50  chests  Hyson    Tea. 

30     do.     Imperial  do. 
300  bbls.,  Flour. 
100  tierce  Rice. 

A  small  assortment  of  cotton  hosiery. 
A  small  lot  of  mahogany  wood. 

These  articles  always  command  ready  and  profitable  sales,  or 
can  be  easily  exchanged  for  produce  to  advantage — The  Custom 
House,  the  Exchange,  the  Genoa  Insurance  Company  buildings, 
are  all  splendid  edifices. 

Business  is  transacted  by  a  few  English  and  French  houses.  Not 
one  American  house  is  yet  established  on  the  island.  Drafts  for 
money  on  Leghorn  or  Genoa  can  be  had  easily,  for  cargoes  which 
may  be  sold  on  the  island.  The  U.  States  at  this  moment  sustain  a 
loss,  by  not  having  a  proper  accredited  agent  at  Sardinia ;  for,  if 


65 

there  was  one  there,  Americans  would  visit  the  island  with  the  pro 
duclions  of  their  country,  and  a  regular  trade  would  be  opened,  much 
to  the  benefit  of  the  U.  States  and  Sardinia,  and  handsome  profits 
would  arise  from  this  commercial  intercourse.  Cotton  goods,  which 
now  are  manufactured  as  cheap  at  home  as  in  England,  are  always 
in  demand  there  ;  but  the  English  supply  them,  as  they  do  all  other 
articles  which  the  Sardinians  may  want,  and  at  the  highest  rates  too. 
Provisions,  of  all  descriptions  (and  salted)  are  cheap  and  plenty,  and 
can  always  be  obtained  when  required.  There  is  also  another  rea- 
son why  there  should  be  an  accredited  agent  in  the  island,  viz.,  the 
squadron  of  the  U.  States  in  the  Mediterranean  could  repair  there, 
and  obtain  provisions  of  all  kinds  cheaper  and  better  than  in  any 
other  port  in  the  Mediterranean,  by  at  least  twenty  per  cent,  less  in 
expense  ;  and  if  the  commander  thought  proper,  the  squadron  could 
winter  there  with  as  much  comfort  as  at  Mahon.* 

A  few  remarks  on  the  Barilla  or  Soda  plant,  a  few  words  on  the 
Tunny  fishery  between  St.  Peters  and  St.  Antioch's  points,  not  for- 
getting the  coral  trade;  willfinish  the  description  of  the  island,  whose 
fertility  of  soil  and  salubrious  air  is  proverbial  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  where  if  commerce  was  properly  attended  to,  every  one  engaged 
in  it  would  greatly  benefit  by  it.  The  tunny  fishery  is  extensive,  and 
loads  a  great  many  ships  annually  ;  large  nets  are  used  to  catch  the 


*  From  a  letter  written  in  1810,  by  Mr.  Baker,  then  Consul  U.  S.  in 
the  Mediterranean  at  Cagliari,  22cl  Feb'y  1810,  to  the  then  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  U.S.,  Paul  Hamilton,  Esq.,  at  Washington  city,  D.  C,  the  follow- 
ing is  extracted.  "  I  have  had  the  honor  of  a  conference  with  his  majesty, 
the -king  of  Sardinia,  through  his  Minister  of  State  the  Chevalier  Rossi, 
who  expressed  himself  in  the  most  friendly  manner  regarding  tiie  U. 
States  governrnent ;  and  gave  assurances,  that  if  the  U.  States  squadron 
would  come  at  any  time  at  Cagliari,  they  vi'-ould  be  received  with  the 
most  kind  feelings,  and  any  thing  which  could  facilitate  the  comfort  of 
the  squadron,  should  be  done  with  promptitude ;  that  whatever  the 
island  afforded,  it  should  be  furnished  with  great  pleasure  to  the  squad- 
ron ;  and  the  Minister  of  State  further  intimated,  the  king's  desire  to  cul- 
tivate a  more  extensive  commercial  intercourse  than  had  been  done  before." 
Since  that  period  the  same  wish  has  been  expressed,  and  lately  a  treaty 
has  been  made  between  the  minister  of  his  catholic  majesty,  the  king  of 
Sardinia,  and  the  U.  States,  at  the  Department  of  State  at  Washington, 
which  was  ratified  by  the  U.  S.  Senate. 


G6 

fish  in,  and  several  hundred  men  are  generally  employed  at  the  work. 
The  tunny  fish  is  from  one  hundred  to  eight  hundred  weight,  and 
sometimes  larger.  The  moment  they  are  caught,  they  are  cut  up 
and  salted,  packed  in  salt,  in  kegs  of  one  hundred  pounds  each,  and 
sent  olT  to  the  continent  of  Europe  for  immediate  sale. 

BARILLA,  OR  SODA  PLANT. 

An  extract  of  a  letter,  written  a  few  years  ago  to  the  late  Mr. 
Baker,  by  order  of  the  Minister  of  State,  of  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and 
signed  by  Judge  Mamellis,  one  of  his  Majesty's  judges,  regarding 
the  culture  and  use  of  this  plant,  is  annexed. 

"This  plant  is  botanically  called  Kali;  it  is  cultivated  to  a  great 
extent  and  advantage,  and  is  of  superior  quality  on  the  island.  The 
plant  or  seed  is  sowed  in  the  month  of  February;  some  sow  in 
December,  but  that  is  too  early  and  injurious  to  the  growth  of  the 
plant.  For  the  cultivation  of  soda,  grounds  bordering  on  bodies  of 
water  producing  a  neutral  salt,  (sal  gemma)  are  best  adapted,  because 
during  its  growth,  the  soda  imbibes  from  the  water  the  alkaline  part, 
and  is  saturated  by  it.  Grounds  near  the  sea  shore  are  the  next  best 
fitted  for  the  culture  of  this  plant,  because  it  obtains  from  the  sea 
water  the  alkaline  part.  The  more  distant  the  land  is  from  salt 
water,  the  more  the  soda  deteriorates  in  quality,  and  when  planted 
and  grown  on  grounds  distant  from  the  sea  shore,  or  salt  lakes,  it 
loses  the  quality  of  a  mineral  alkali,  and  becomes  a  vegetable  alkali. 
And  although  all  alkaline  salts  when  separated  from  the  earthy  part 
contained  in  the  ashes  of  the  plants,  are  of  equal  quality  and  good- 
ness;  it  is  far  more  advantageous  to  have  ashes  containing  mineral 
alkali  than  vegetable  alkali,  because  the  former  contains  a  far  larger 
quantity  of  alkaline  salts  than  the  latter.  For  while,  from  ashes  got 
from  other  plants,  the  most  prolific  of  alkali  is  produced,  it  would  be 
difiicult  to  obtain  more  than  one-tenth  of  their  weight  of  salt,  at  least, 
one-half  of  their  weight  of  fixed  salt,  can  be  obtained  from  ashes  con- 
taining mineral  alkali.  For  the  manufacture  of  glass,  the  earthy 
part  must  be  entirely  separated  from  the  alkali,  in  the  former  kind  of 
ashes,  while  the  latter  are  conveniendy  used  for  soap,  composts,  &c. 
Salt  soil,  which  will  produce  no  other  plants,  is  the  best  adapted  for 
soda,  especially  if  it  be  heavy  loam,  or  thick  mud,  and  is  to  be  pre- 


67 

ferred  to  all  others."  (The  manual  labor  is  described  in  the  letter, 
but  is  abridged  in  the  following  manner,  viz.) 

"  The  earth  must  be  ploughed,  crossed  with  a  harrow,  then  laid 
off  in  furrows  ;  about  six  seeds  to  be  laid  in  each  hole,  a  few  inches 
apart — to  be  covered  over  directly  but  lightly  with  ground — the 
same  now  and  then  to  be  loosened  with  a  spade — as  also  after  the 
soda  has  come  up,  and  while  the  shoots  are  growing,  in  order  to 
aid  the  growth,  and  to  extirpate  the  plants  which  come  up  around 
and  about."  "  Soda  is  considered  ready  for  burning  when  in  bud, 
and  before  the  flowers  open,  it  is  pulled  up,  scattered  about,  turned 
over  until  it  is  equally  dried  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  In  grounds 
where  the  soda  grows,  circular  pits  are  made,  in  which  it  is  put 
and  burned  to  perfect  fusion — for  in  fine,  judiciously  managed,  it 
melts  like  fusible  metal,  and  afterwards  condenses  and  hardens. 
As  a  compost  for  plants,  &c.,  it  is  excellent." 

Guano  is  no  doubt  very  efficacious  for  reclaiming  poor  land,  but 
the  soda  which  can  be  bought  for  less  than  one  half  the  guano,  is 
far  better  and  superior  in  its  effects  upon  land ;  experiments 
proving  this  fact  have  been  made  in  the  United  States  with  success. 
The  seed  can  be  obtained,  planted  in  the  different  sections  of  the 
country,  and  eventually  become  an  article  of  great  commercial  im- 
portance to  our  agricultural  interest.  As  it  is,  a  few  hundred  dollars 
would  buy  a  cargo  of  it  to  fill  a  vessel  of  two  hundred  tons.  There 
is  also  on  this  island  a  moss,  which  grows  spontaneous  on  the  rocks, 
it  is  called  the  "  orchilla,"  it  is  gathered  and  dried,  and  used  as 
dye  for  cloths,  &;c.  ;  it  is  equal  to  cochineal  for  dyeing  scarlet. 
It  can  be  obtained  by  the  ton  for  a  few  dollars.  Several  English 
speculators  have  from  time  to  time  been  engaged  in  getting  this 
moss,  and  sending  it  to  England — to  great  advantage  and  profit. 
The  price  of  soda  is  about  two  and  a  quarter  dollars  per  cantar  of 
196  pounds  on  board.  In  receiving  this  article,  care  should  be  taken 
that  it  comes  on  board  in  dry  weadicr — and  then  must  be  stowed 
away  with  care.     It  is  considered  the  best  in  the  Mediterranean. 

The  coral  fishery  is  a  source  of  great  profit  to  those  engaged  in  it. 
Some  one  or  two  thousand  persons  are  employed  either  in  obtaining 
the  coral,  or  working  it  up  for  the  European  or  African  market ;  some 
is  sent  to  the  United  Stales,  and  large  quantities  to  England. 

It  varies  in  price — for  some  bunches  of  coral  one  hundred  dollars 


G8 

will  be  given,  and  for  others  not  that  many  cents.  There  are  several 
colors  to  coral — viz.  the  black,  white  and  red  ;  the  most  valuable  is 
the  black,  the  next  the  red,  and  then  the  white. 

Merchants'  accounts,  their  commissions,  money,  weights  and 
measures,  brokerage,  &c.,  all  regulated  by  those  at  Genoa. 

Latitude  39  25,  N. ;  Longitude  9  38,  E. 


89 


NAPLES. 


The  city  of  Naples  is  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
embellished  with  many  splendid  edifices — and  an  extensive  commerce 
is  carried  on  there.  The  harbor  is  commodious,  and  good  anchorage 
for  any  sized  vessels  to  load  and  unload  in. 

The  great  article  of  exportation  of  the  country  around  Naples,  is 
that  of  oil,  generally  known  as  "  Gallipoli  oil."  This  oil  is  manu- 
factured at  Puglia,  and  Calabria.  It  is  bought  by  the  "  Carre,"  and 
then  sold  in  lesser  quantities  to  purchasers. 

Merchants'  commissions  are  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  sales,  and 
the  same  for  purchases,  half  per  cent,  brokerage.  The  wool  trade 
is  also  extensive.  It  comes  from  Puglia,  and  is  much  esteemed  for 
its  quality,  for  ihe  manufacture  of  cloths,  both  in  France  and 
Germany.  The  contracts  for  delivery  of  wool,  are,  viz.  one  third 
of  Lucoli,  and  two  thirds  of  Celano  wool,  the  latter  esteemed 
better  than  the  former.  Silks  from  Naples  are  always  in  great 
demand  in  France  and  Spain,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  Europe; 
these  articles  are  abundant  and  cheap  according  to  their  quality 
and  quantity. 

Wines  are  produced  in  great  quantities,  of  fine  quality  and  cheap. 
It  is  bought  by  the  carre — then  put  into  hhds.,  barrels,  &c. 
Cargoes  of  white  oak  staves,  headings  and  hoops,  are  always  in 
demand  and  sell  well  and  profitable. 

The  money,  weights  and  measures  of  Naples  and  Sicily  are  the 
same. 


70 


MONEY. 


10  Grains,        -         -  1  Carlin,         -        4  pence  sterling. 

20      "             .         .  1  Tarin,          -         8     "  " 

6  Tarins,       -         -  1  Florin,  Ex.           Is.  6J.  " 

13       "            .         -  1  Ducat,  Ex.  -         3s.  4d.  " 

60  Carlins,       -         -  1  Ounce,         -         7s.  8(1.  " 

2  Ounces,      -         -  1  Pistole,       -       15s.  4cL  " 
Merchants  keep  their  accounts  in  the  above  money. 

The  Sicilian  Cantar  of  100  rotolo,  is  equal  to  196  lb.  English. 

MEASURES. 
1  palnia,       -         -         -         12  inches  English. 

Wines,  brandies,  and  oils,  are  sold  by  the  carre,  equal  to  132 
gallons  English.  They  bring  their  produce  from  the  interior  in  small 
barrels,  holding  each  about  eleven  or  twelve  gallons,  and  in  others 
holding  three  to  four  gallons. 

Exchange  between  Naples  and  England  is  usual ;  merchants'  com- 
missions vary  at  Naples  from  two  and  a  half  to  four  and  a  half  per 
cent.,  on  both  selling  and  purchasing  cargo,  according  to  what  is 
done,  or  what  service  is  rendered.  Brokerage  generally  half  per 
cent.  Foreign  gold  and  silver  are  current,  and  their  value  is 
regulated  every  day  by  the  exchange  brokers.  The  Custom  House, 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  the  Bank,  are  commodious  and 
finely  ornamented  buildings,  and  as  that  is  the  country  for  marble,  the 
stranger  sees  almost  every  edifice  built  of  it.  The  markets  are 
plentifully  and  cheaply  supplied  with  all  the  delicacies  of  the  season, 
for  the  inhabitants  and  shipping  there.  There  are  established  there 
some  English,  French  and  German  houses,  who  do  all  the  business  for 
the  stranger.  American  cargoes  ahvays  sell  well  and  profitably  at  the 
Naples  market.  By  adding  one  third  more  to  a  cargo  fit  for  the  Malaga 
market,  it  would  suit  the  Naples  market.  There  is  at  Naples  an  old 
established  Insurance  Company,  doing  business  under  the  authority 
of  the  government,  for  its  better  advantage  and  guidance.  Fruits  in 
abundance,  and  cheap,  are  obtained  there,  as  well  as  olives,  capers, 
anchovies,  oil,  macaroni,  vermicelli,  soap,  &c. 

Latitude  40  50,  N.  ;  Longitude  14  18,  E. 


71 


ISLAND   OF  SICILY. 


This  Island,  rich  in  soil  and  central  in  position,  is  well  adapted 
for  commerce,  and  is  a  place  of  great  commercial  importance. 


PALERMO. 


Its  capital  town  is  a  large  and  handsomely  built  place,  and  the 
only  city  in  Italy  lit  up  at  night,  at  the  expense  of  the  government. 
Palermo  contains  one  hundred  thousand  inhabitants.  The  markets 
are  abundantly  and  cheaply  supplied  with  every  thing  wanted  by 
the  inhabitants.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  is  a  splendid  building, 
as  also  the  Custom  House.  There  is  established  there  a  branch  of 
the  Insurance  Company  of  Naples.  Foreign  merchants,  (principally 
English)  do  business  here  for  the  stranger. 

Commissions  on  sales  and  purchases,  two  and  a  half  per  cent, 
each,  half  per  cent,  brokerage. 

The  Cantare  of  Sicily  is  190  lbs.  English. 
The  Cantare  measure  is  25  gallons  English. 
Another  measure  called  CafTe  is  3^  gallons  English. 

Contracts  for  barilla  are  generally  made  in  May  and  August ;  the 
price  varies  from  four  to  five  dollars  the  cantare.  It  is  divided  in  three 
parts,  or  classes  : — The  Toka,  Tokata,  and  Pulvere.    When  barilla 


72 

is  shipped,  care  should  be  taken  to  put  it  on  board  dry,  and  in  pieces 
as  large  as  they  can  be  obtained  ;  the  pulvere  or  barilla  dust  is  very 
apt  to  become  damp,  which  is  a  total  loss. 

Contracts  for  brimstone  are  made  in  the  months  of  April  and  May, 
to  be  delivered  in  September  and  October  following.  The  price  is 
generally  from  two  to  three  dollars  on  board,  per  cantare.  The 
most  esteemed  is  that  shipped  at  Siciliana  and  Palma.  Cargoes  are 
purchased  by  samples.  Brimstone  is  usually  shipped  in  large  casks 
to  preserve  it  from  damp  the  better.  Vessels  of  the  largest  size  are 
generally  loaded  in  a  very  few  days.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to 
break  the  cakes,  as,  if  they  are  broken  the  dust  coming  from  them 
becomes  a  loss  to  tlie  shipper.  Tons  of  this  article  are  sometimes 
lost,  owing  to  this  negligence,  and  for  want  of  care  when  it  is  put  on 
board  ship. 

Palermo  is  also  a  great  shipping  port  for  both  brimstone  and 
barilla. 

Catania  the  same,  also  Trepani.  Salt  is  an  important  export 
from  Trepani,  it  is  made  there,  as  well  as  exported  there  from  the 
Barbary  coast,  and  Sardinia,  for  shipping  it  with  more  facility.  Cork 
wood  on  the  island  is  abundant  and  cheap. 

The  exports  of  that  island  are  as  follows  : 

Silks  in  pieces,  (assorted  colors.) 

do.     Ribbons, 

do.     Hose. 

do.     Handkerchiefs. 
Wines,  red  and  white  in  pipes,  hhds.  and  bbls. 
Raisins,     ~] 
Figs,  I 

Currants,    ^     In  boxes  per  mill. 
Lemons, 
Oranges,    _ 

Nuts  in  sacks,  per  cantar. 
Essence  of  Bergamot  in  jars,  per  lb. 
Brandy,  per  pipe. 
Tartar,  in  cases  per  lb. 
Linseed  oil  in  jars,  per  gallon. 
Sweet  oil,         do.  do. 


73 

Goat,  Kid,  Rabbit  and  other  skins. 

Anchovies,    ~j 

Olives,  >      in  jars  and  bottles. 

Capers,         J 

Marble  manufactured, 

Salt  in  bulk. 

Manna,  per  lb. 

Senna,  per  lb, 

Cantharides,  per  lb. 

Importations  into  Sicily  are  as  follows  : 
Codfish,  in  casks. 
Leather,  assorted. 
Iron,  bar  and  plate. 
Mess  pork,  in  bbls. 
"     beef,         do. 
N.  E.  rum,  in  hhds. 
Sheet  copper,  in  boxes. 
Tin  in  sheets,  do. 

Lead  in  bars,  do. 

Pepper,  in  sacks. 
Sugar,  Havana  or  New  Orleans. 
Spices,  in  bales. 
Indigo,  in  bags. 
Cochineal,  do. 
Salt  fish,  in  bbls. 
Dyewoods,  assorted. 
WoUen  goods,  in  bales. 
Linen,      do.  do. 

Cotton,     do.  do. 

Hardware,  in  cases. 
Copperas,  in  kegs. 
Pitch  and  tar,  in  bbls. 
Cocoa,  in  bags. 
Coffee,  in  do.   or  bbls. 
Alum,  in  barrels. 

Flour,  American  half  bbls.  preferred. 
Tobacco,    (Virginia  preferred.) 
6 


74 

Segars,  snufF,  and  chewing  tobacco  always  command  good  prices 
on  all  parts  of  the  island. 

The  above  mentioned  articles,  without  exception,  all  sell  well  and 
profitably  at  Sicily. 

Goods  can  remain  in  the  government  storehouses  free  of  expense 
for  one  year,  after  which  immediate  payment  of  duties  is  required  ; 
that  is  a  great  convenience  at  times,  when  the  merchant  is  waiting 
for  better  opportunities  to  sell  cargo. 

Almonds,  are  gathered  in  July  and  August,  and  shipped  in  Oc- 
tober. 

Manna,  is  gathered  and  shipped  in  August  and  September,  and 
sells  by  the  lb.  at  various  prices,  according  to  quality. 

Linseed  oil,  great  quantities  are  made  in  Sicily,  and  is  of  first 
quality,  sells  cheap  by  the  caffee,  three  and  a  quarter  gallons  English. 

Dried  figs,  these  grow  in  abundance  in  Sicily,  particularly  at 
Messina  and  Calabria;  they  are  gathered  and  dried  in  August,  and 
then  shipped ;  they  are  equal  and  cheaper  than  the  Smyrna  figs. 

Oranges  and  lemons,  these  grow  in  great  abundance,  gathered  in 
November,  December,  and  January,  they  are  put  up  in  boxes  of 
five  hundred  each,  the  fruit  is  pulled  green,  and  wrapt  up  in  paper  to 
prevent  its  rotting,  and  keeps  good  during  a  voyage  of  five  or  six 
weeks.  They  are  put  on  board,  box  included,  at  about  two  dollars 
to  two  and  a  half  per  mill. 

Messina  and  Palermo  are  the  best  ports  to  ship  this  fruit  from. 

Liquorice,  the  best  is  made  at  Calabria,  but  shipped  at  Messina ; 
it  is  usually  made  in  the  months  of  April  and  May,  and  packed  away 
in  chests. 

Shumac,  is  gathered  in  the  months  of  July  and  August,  and  sent 
to  Palermo  for  shipment,  it  is  sold  by  the  rotolo  in  bags 

Cantharides,  [Spanish fly.) — These  insects  are  gathered  in  April 
and  May  ;  the  price  is  so  varied  for  this  article,  that  it  is  difficult  to 
give  it  a  definite  one. 

Essence  of  Lemon  and  Burgamot,  are  made  in  the  months  of 
November,  December,  and  January,  tliey  are  put  in  copper  vessel, 
soldered,  and  shipped  off"  to  the  European  ports  ;  their  price  is  from 


75 

ten  to  twelve  terri  the  pound.     Messina  is  the  best  port  for  the  ship- 
ment of  these  articles. 

Anchovies,  are  caught  in  the  months  of  June,  July,  and  Auo-ust, 
packed  up  in  barrels,  top  loose,  taken  to  Leghorn  and  put  up  in  jars, 
bottles,  and  kegs,  for  shipment. 

Coral. — This  fishery  is  carried  on  with  great  success  on  the  west- 
ern coast  of  the  island  ;  the  value  of  coral  both  white,  red  and  black, 
varies  much  in  price,  some  is  worth  ten  guineas  per  pound,  some 
not  tenpence.  The  best  of  coral  is  sent  to  the  continent  of  Europe, 
where  it  always  finds  ready  and  profitable  sales. 

Amber,  is  found  in  large  quantities  on  the  southern  and  eastern 
coast  of  the  island,  the  best  is  found  at  Catania,  where  it  is  manu- 
factured into  beads.  The  price  depends,  like  coral,  on  its  quality.  It 
is  often  exported  to  the  East  Indies  and  the  coast  of  Africa. 

Goat  and  other  skins  are  abundant,  thoy  vary  in  price  according 
to  the  demand  for  them.  Care  should  be  taken  of  them  when 
packed  up  for  exportation,  the  seams  of  the  covering  should  be 
covered  with  pitch,  to  keep  them  clear  of  worms,  and  other  decay. 

Leeches  are  abundant  on  the  different  parts  of  that  island.  In 
the  U.  States,  they  always  sell  well  and  are  in  constant  demand. 
They  are  sent  to  the  different  parts  of  Europe,  where  they  sell  well 
and  profitably.     They  vary  in  price  according  to  demand. 

Soap. — Palermo  white  soap  is  cheap  and  plenty;  the  price  on 
board,  is  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  terri  per  cantar,  or  six  cents  per 
pound.  Mottled  soap  made  at  Messina,  generally  for  the  American 
market,  is  to  be  had  in  any  quantity,  in  boxes  of  twenty-eight  pounds 
English. 

Wines. — They  are  numerous  in  quality  and  color,  some  white,  and 
some  red,  and  then  by  age  and  voyage  they  become  an  amber  color, 
sometimes  a  brown  or  nearly  a  black  color.  The  wines  of  Melazzo, 
Faro,  Messina,  Syracuse,  Mt.  Etna,  Muscatel,  Sipari  and  Malvasia, 
are  abundant  and  cheap,  of  fine  flavor  and  quality.  The  Marsalla 
wine  is  a  rich  wine,  monopolized  by  the  English  trader;  when  it 
has  the  advantage  of  age,  it  receives  the  preference  to  Madeira  by 
some.  It  is  the  growth  of  the  mountains  on  the  west  side  of  the 
island,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Treparri.     The  old  established  firm 


7G 

of  Woodhouse,  Brothers  &  Co.,  have  an  extensive  factory  erected 
for  the  putting  up  of  this  wine  by  the  quantity,  and  send  it  to  Eng- 
land ;  their  warehouses  are  capacious,  the  buildings  holding  generally 
about  five  thousand  pipes,  and  sometimes  more,  ready  for  shipping. 
It  keeps  well  in  a  warm  climate,  and  has  sold  well  in  the  South 
American  markets  as  well  as  in  the  United  States.  All  contracts 
are  made  before  a  sworn  broker,  who  becomes  a  witness,  if  any  dis- 
putes arise  between  parties  trading,  and  which  generally  is  decided 
at  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.     (Tribunal.) 

Marsalla  wine  has  been  found  to  be  of  great  use  for  the  sick ;  the 
Doctors  of  the  vessels  of  war  in  the  Mediterranean,  of  different  na- 
tions, have  used  it  for  their  sick  on  board  with  great  efficacy. 

The  Palma  Christi  wine  is  a  fine  flavored  wine,  and  is  very  cheap 
at  this  island  ;  it  is  taken  to  England,  and  sold  at  about  two  dollars 
per  bottle  ;  it  costs  at  Sicily  about  twelve  cents  per  bottle.  It  has 
been  taken  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  from  its  similarity  to 
Cape  Wine,  has  been  sold  for  that  wine  at  the  dilTerent  ports  in 
South  America,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Valparaiso  and  Lima. 

Merchants'  accounts,  commissions,  brokerages,  weights  and  mea- 
sures, for  the  island  of  Sicily,  are  all  regulated  at  Palermo,  and 
according  to  the  regulations  at  Naples.  The  latitude  of  Palermo 
is  38  30,  N. ;  Longitude  13  43,  E. 


/ 


77 


MESSINA. 


This  is  considered  the  best  port  in  Sicily  to  sell  an  assorted  cargo 
at.  Besides  the  various  exports  of  the  Island  of  Sicily  being  there 
for  sale,  many  articles  from  the  Morea  are  brought  there  on  deposit. 
The  Greeks  bring  to  Messina,  currants,  figs,  cotton  goods,  carpets, 
silk,  drugs — rosin,  timber,  gums  and  other  merchandize  to  trade 
with.  It  has  a  population  of  about  fifty  thousand  souls.  Some 
English  and  French  merchants  are  established  there,  who  do  business 
for  the  stranger.  Mercantile  arrangements  are  the  same  as  at 
Palermo.  The  shore  is  bold  on  entering  its  harbor,  and  there  is 
twenty  fathoms  of  water  in  the  middle  of  the  harbor.  The  city  has 
some  fine  and  commodious  buildings  in  it,  such  as  the  Custom 
House,  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and  others.  A  branch  of  the 
Insurance  Company  of  Naples  is  established  there. 

The  markets  are  cheaply  and  plentifully  supplied  with  provisions 
of  all  kinds,  in  season  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants.  American 
produce  sells  well  and  profitably  at  that  port,  or  exchanges  to 
advantage  for  the  produce  of  the  country — which  is  abundant  and 
cheap. 

Latitude  38  20,  N. ;  Longitude  15  54,  E. 


78' 


TRIESTE. 


The  principal  sea-port  of  the  Austrian  government.  The  country 
around  is  fertile,  and  abounds  with  produce — olive  oil,  wine  and 
silk — and  drugs.  It  is  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  situated  at  the  botto^m  of  a  bay,  at  the  head  of  the  Adriatic.  The 
surrounding  country  is  fronted  by  a  succession  of  lofty  hills,  which 
are  all  covered  with  culture,  and  is  very  picturesque.  The  town  is 
handsomely  laid  out,  with  clean  and  wide  streets,  and  splendidly  built 
tenements.  It  is  fortified  by  forts  in  different  quarters.  The  public 
buildings  are  very  commodious  and  well  built.  The  Lazaretto  is  a 
fine  building,  so  arranged  that  the  plague  cannot  infect  the  persons 
within  it.  It  was  built  many  years  ago,  altogether  apart  from  the 
city,  and  has  a  high  wall  all  around  it.  The  Catholic  religion  pre- 
vails there,  as  it  does  throughout  the  Austrian  dominions. 

The  harbor  of  Trieste  is  a  very  commodious  one,  safe  anchorage 
and  plenty  of  water.  It  is  formed  by  a  mole  lying  to  the  north-west 
of  the  city.  There  is  a  canal  running  into  the  town,  where  vessels 
load  and  unload. 

Trieste  is  a  free  port,  made  so  some  one  hundred  years  back. 
It  is  the  chief  place  of  sea  communication  for  the  mercantile  operations 
of  the  Austrian  government.  Banking  and  Insurance  Companies 
are  in  full  operation  there.  Merchants  of  all  nations  are  doing 
business  there;  the  sworn  brokers  act  as  interpreters  as  well  as  in 
their  own  capacity  as  brokers.  Commissions  are  two  and  a  half 
per  cent,  on  sales  and  purchases,  half  per  cent,  brokerage.  The 
exports  and  imports  are  generally  about  the  same  value  at  the  end 
of  the  year,  and  by  calculation  they  appear  to  be  each  in  value  at 


79 

least  two  millions  pounds  sterling.  The  articles  of  gunpowder,  salt 
and  tobacco,  are  monopolies  of  tlie  government — not  allowed  to  be 
imported  without  special  license  from  the  Director  of  the  Finance 
Department.  American  cargoes  always  find  an  immediate  and 
profitable  sale  there,  and  produce  on  the  ship's  account  or  freight  can 
always  be  obtained  without  delay.  Merchants  keep  their  accounts 
in  the  currency  of  the  Austrian  government,  but  as  Trieste  is  a  place 
where  so  many  different  persons  reside,  and  where  coins  of  all 
nations  are  current,  accounts  are  kept  accordingly. 

In  Trieste  there  is  a  schedule  of  money  which  that  department 
use  from  its  close  connexion  with  the  Turkish  government  and  the 
Greeks.     It  is  herewith  annexed. 

Merchants'  commissions,  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  purchases, 
the  same  on  sales  ;  the  sworn  broker  who  generally  acts  as  interpre- 
ter, receives  half  per  cent,  for  his  services. 


18  Soldi, 
20  Soldi, 
3  Jules, 
124  Soldi, 
24  Gross, 
17  Lire, 


MONEY. 

1  Jule,        - 

6  pence 

sterling, 

1  Lire, 

6  pence. 

do. 

1  Testoon, 

Is.  6(/. 

do. 

1  Ducat  current, 

3s.  bd. 

do. 

1  Ducat  exchange, 

4s.  Ad. 

do. 

1  Chequin, 

9s.  Zd. 

do. 

80 


BARBARY  STATES. 


ALGIEES. 

The  Dey  of  Algiers  never  paid  much  attention  to  commerce,  and 
since  the  French  have  taken  possession  of  Algiers,  there  is  more 
security  and  opportunity,  more  inclination  and  enterprize  in  business 
than  formerly.  Merchandize  is  always  in  demand  in  Algiers. 
Black  pepper,  allum,  coffee,  (Rio,)  nutmegs,  cloves,  cinnamon, 
ginger,  cutlery,  muslins,  calicos,  logwood,  pimento,  sugar,  (Havana 
and  New  Orleans,)  pig  lead,  shot,  powder,  fustic,  copperas,  tin, 
linens,  codfish,  rice,  N.  E.  rum,  tea,  flour  in  half  bbls.,  and  cloths — 
these  last  must  be  assorted  as  to  color,  viz.  scarlet,  blue,  purple, 
crimson,  green,  brown  and  yellow.  The  exports  of  Algiers  are 
hides,  skins,  oils,  wax,  honey,  dried  fruits,  nuts — these  productions  are 
plenty  and  cheap.  Assorted  cargoes  for  the  United  States  are  always 
saleable  at  Algiers  with  profit  to  the  trader.  The  markets  are  always 
supplied  with  every  thing  wanted  by  the  inhabitants,  and  generally 
cheap.  Money,  weights  and  measures,  and  mercantile  regulations 
in  general,  are  at  present  under  the  guidance  of  the  French  authorities 
and  merchants  there ;  persons  trading  to  Algiers  are  regulated 
accordingly. 

The  harbor  is  commodious  and  safe,  and  protected  by  several  forts. 
Its  inland  country  is  very  extensive,  and  a  great  deal  of  foreign 
commerce  is  centered  around  and  about  the  province  of  Algiers. 

The  inhabitants  along  the  sea-coast  are  a  mixture  of  different 
nations,  and  many  speaking  a  different  language.  The  Berbers  are 
a  rich  portion  of  this  motley  people  ;  they  are  generally  employed  in 


81 

the  occupation  of  taking  care  of  cattle ;  and  their  general  trade 
consists  of  cattle,  hides,  wax  and  honey,  wliich  they  sell  and 
exchange  for  the  produce  of  other  countries,  according  as  they  may 
need  it.  To  travel  through  this  country  even  at  this  time  is  very 
dangerous,  owing  to  the  many  roving  Arabs  wandering  about,  who 
as  yet  have  not  been  conquered  by  the  French  arms,  and  who  defy 
all  and  every  other  power,  except  that  to  which  tliey  arc  always 
subservient,  viz.  their  "  Sheikhs,"  persons  of  rank  among  them- 
selves, and  to  whom  they  pay  implicit  obedience. 

The  religion  of  the  Algier  people  is  Mahomedan,  and  they  take 
the  Koran  as  we  do  the  laws  of  our  country,  not  only  to  guide  them 
in  religion,  but  in  matters  of  law — the  Mufii  or  high  priest,  is  both 
judge  and  religious  intereeder,  and  his  decrees  are  generally  received 
as  final,  and  always  just  and  true. 

The  population  of  Algiers  before  the  French  took  possession,  was 
estimated  at  about  one  million  and  a  half  in  the  whole  territory  or 
province ;  a  large  portion  of  which  were  Greeks,  Armenians  and 
Jews.  Their  trade  consisted  more  of  imports  than  exports,  viz. 
gold  and  silver  stuffs,  damasks,  cloths,  spices,  tin,  iron  plates,  brass, 
lead,  quicksilver,  cordage,  sail  cloth,  bullets,  cochineal,  linen,  tartar, 
alum,  rice,  sugar,  soap,  cotton,  copperas,  aloes,  logwood,  vermilion, 
&c.  They  exported  ostrich  feathers,  copper,  rugs,  silks,  velvets 
and  linens  ;  but  all  this  has  been  changed  since  1837. 

Algiers  is  built  of  stone,  on  the  decline  of  a  hill  fronting  the  sea. 
The  houses  rise  one  above  the  other  so  that  they  each  command  a 
view  of  the  sea.  The  streets  are  very  narrow — water  is  obtained  in 
tanks  in  the  city,  but  not  of  very  good  quality.  Springs  are  numerous 
in  the  suburbs  of  the  town  ;  there  was  in  1830  one  hundred  thousand 
including  Jewish  families  and  Christians. 

Latitude  36  49,  N.  ;  Longitude  3  30,  E. 


NOTE. 

The  general  commercial  remarks  which  might  be  inserted  in  this 
work  about  Morocco,  coming  so  near  in  compariyon  with  the  state- 
ment herewith  annexed  about  Tunis,  that  it  is  not  deemed  essentially 


82 

necessary  for  a  lengthened  description  of  the  same,  as  all  the  infor 
mation  which  will  be  given  about  Tunis  and  its  environs,  will  serVe 
to  instruct  the  reader  how  to  trade  with  Morocco;  the  same  as  re- 
gards Tripoli. 


i 


i 


83 


TUNIS. 


Tunis,  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  is  a  finely 
built  and  well  regulated  town,  with  a  population  of  60,000  souls. 
The  Tunisians  are  the  most  civilized  portion  of  any  of  the  Barbary 
people.  Many  English  and  French  merchants,  and  others  reside  in 
the  town  for  business  and  other  pursuits.  Lately,  they  pay  great 
respect  for  mercantile  and  learned  professors,  and  are  improved  in 
the  arts  and  manufactures.  They  cultivate  friendship  with  the  Eu- 
ropean countries,  and  are  very  much  inclined  to  join  their  energies 
in  advancing  mercantile  pursuits  to  the  benefit  of  themselves  and  the 
foreigner.  They  are  attending  lately  to  their  agricultural  interest, 
and  by  other  demonstrations  of  friendship,  they  are  inducing  the 
stranger  to  come  and  trade  among  them.  The  harbor  is  commodious 
and  safe,  and  anchorage  good.  The  principal  articles  of  export  are 
olive  oil,  gold  dust,  hides,  wax,  skins  of  difl!erent  kinds,  Jcrbic 
shawls,  wood  of  fine  quality,  senna,  soap,  wool,  sponge,  madder, 
ivory,  cattle,  dried  fruits,  salt  provisions,  cork,  orchilla,  ostrich  fea- 
thers, cotton,  nuts,  &c. ;  corn  is  cultivated  in  great  quantities  in  the 
interior. 

Olive  oil. — After  taking  out  a  "  Tiskery"  or  order  from  the  Bey 
of  Tunis  to  commence  trading  for  security  and  other  advantages,  a 
beginning  is  made  to  buy  oil.  The  metal  is  a  nominal  measure  by 
which  they  in  quantity  say  forty-four  and  a  half  metals  equal  to  one 
ton  English  of  two  hundred  and  thirty-six  gallons.  The  season  for 
getting  oil  is  in  March  and  April ;  they  make  it  in  the  months  of 
November,  December,  and  January.  It  is  kept  sometime  before  sell- 
ing it,  and  is  esteemed  by  some  better  than  Italian  oil,  from  the  fact 


^84 

of  its  keeping  sweet  longer.  Sometimes  it  is  shipped  in  jars,  but 
generally  it  is  put  up  in  bottles,  and  then  in  large  cases  and  shipped. 
The  Keyas,  are  persons  somewhat  similar  to  European  brokers  who 
contract  with  the  foreigner  for  the  oil.  They  are  natives,  but  gene- 
rally lioncst  in  their  dealings,  more  perhaps  from  necessity  than 
otherwise ;  vessels  sometimes  load  at  Susa,  which  is  also  a  safe 
port,  and  has  sufficient  water  for  any  sized  vessels.  This  oil  sells 
for  twenty-five  cents  the  gallon  U.  S.  measure,  generally  speak- 
ing. Porters  who  carry  all  kind  of  cargo  in  that  country,  are  called 
coolies  ;  these  men  have  a  singular  fact  relative  to  them,  viz.,  when  the 
plague  rages  at  Tunis,  they  are  never  afTected  by  it ;  it  is  said  that 
the  oil  which  they  are  continually  carrying,  saturating  their  garments, 
keeps  the  contagion  from  them  and  preserves  them  ;  oil  will  cure 
the  bite  of  the  scorpion  or  other  venomous  insects. 

Sponge. — Is  gathered  on  the  sea  shore  at  Jerbic,  it  is  of  good 
quality  and  sells  cheap. 

Soap. — It  is  of  superior  quality  manufactured  in  great  quantities; 
the  price  for  it  fluctuates  according  to  demand  ;  there  are  two  kinds, 
the  hard  and  the  soft  soap.  It  is  composed  of  olive  oil  and  barilla. 
It  is  put  up  in  boxes  and  sent  to  the  different  sea-ports  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  sometimes  comes  to  the  U.  States  market  in  boxes  of 
about  thirty  pounds  weight. 

Orchilla  weed. — It  grows  in  abundance  near  the  ruins  of  Car- 
thage, an  ancient  ruins  within  three  or  four  miles  from  Tunis,  and 
in  the  mountains  to  the  east  of  the  town,  and  is  used  lor  dyeing  cloths 
and  other  woollen  goods  a  beautiful  scarlet  color.  It  is  nearly  equal 
to  cochineal. 

Wool. — Large  quantities  are  shipped  from  Tunis  every  year. 
It  is  esteemed  better  than  the  Spanish  wool.  It  is  cheaper  also,  by 
an  eighth  in  price. 

Dates. — This  fine  fruit  grows  at  Gereed,  a  province  of  the  king- 
dom of  Tunis.     They  vary  in  price,  but  are  plenty  and  cheap. 

Ivory  and  gold  dust. — These  articles,  although  not  products  of 
Tunis,  are  exported  in  great  quantities  from  that  place  ;  they  are 
brought  from  Timbucloo  and  other  large  towns  in  the  interior  of 
Africa  by  the  caravans,  who  come  for  goods  for  that  country  in  re- 


85 

turn.     They  take  when  they  go  back,  woollens,  cloths,  fire-arms, 
gunpowder,  lead,  hardware,  &c. 

Ostrich  feathers. — These  are  purchased  according  to  quality, 
they  are  classed  from  No.  1  to  3,  their  prices  vary  so,  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  give  an  accurate  one. 

Hides  and  wax. — These  articles  are  the  exclusive  privilege  and 

monopoly  of  the  Bey  of  Tunis,  who  ships  off  every  year  large 

quantities  of  both.     The  Journata  Co.  are  alone  licensed  to  sell 
these  articles  to  strangers. 

The  Tunisian  imports  are, 

From  Syria,  muslins,  cotton,  carpeting,  silks,  opium,  copper,  and 
tobacco. 

From  the  Morea,  dried  fruits,  figs  to  make  brandy,  &c. 

From  Tripoli,  glass  ware,  wood,  planks,  iron,  linens,  woollens,  &c. 

From  Spain,  wines,  brandy,  wool,  naval  stores. 

From  France,  hardware  of  all  kinds,  fine  linens,  watches,  jewelry, 
sugars,  cofiee,  woollens,  cloths,  tea. 

From  Italy,  iron,  tin,  lead,  quicksilver,  aquafortis,  spices,  gum, 
alum,  copperas,  sugar,  cofiee,  cloth,  cochineal,  logwood,  nails,  gin- 
ger, linen,  sheet  iron,  &;c. 

As  to  cloths  they  import  a  great  quantity,  chiefly  French  manu- 
factures. 

Light  blue  long  ells, 

Turkey,       do. 

Mazareen,    do. 

Red    color, 

Cofiee     do. 

Yellow,  do. 

Green,     do. 

Blue  Imperial,  "1 

Lt.  Blue,  do.      r"     50  pieces  in  each  bale. 

Red,  do.     J 

Scarlet  colored  cloths  should  be  put  up  in  separate  bales,  they 
bring  a  higher  price  than  the  others.  Another  species  of  cloth, 
(cheaper)  is  brought  over  by  the  French  and  Italians  to  Tunis,  viz. 


>     50  pieces  in  each  bale. 


86 

scarlet  color,  crimson  do.,  mazarine  blue  do.,  light  blue  do.,  light 
wine  do.,  deep  wine  do.,,  deroy  do.,  purple  do.,  light  and  deep 
green  do.,  twelve  pieces  in  each  bale  from  eighteen  to  twenty  yards, 
seven  and  a  quarter  wide.  The  above  mentioned  articles  can  be 
shipped  from  the  U.  States,  and  sold  at  Tunis  with  profit  and  ad- 
vantage. There  is  at  present  either  in  staple,  or  manufactured  in 
the  U.  States,  almost  all  the  articles  fit  for  that  market;  and  w'hat 
we  have  not,  we  import  them  cheaper  than  the  English  or  the  French 
can  do.  It  would  be  of  great  advantage  to  our  commerce,  if  the 
American  merchant  would  engage  in  this  trade,  he  would  find  in  a 
very  short  time  that  the  profits  to  be  derived  therefrom  would  be 
areater  than  could  be  imagined. 

The  exports  of  Tunis  are  abundant  and  cheap,  and  would  sell  to 
advantage  in  the  United  States. 

The  months  of  September  and  October  are  healthy  ones  at  Tunis, 
consequently  the  best  to  go  there  in.  Spices,  lead,  naval  stores,  pay 
but  three  per  cent,  ad  valorem  duty,  and  always  bring  cash  prices  ; 
all  other  goods  pay  ten  per  cent,  ad  valorem  duty.  At  Tunis,  there 
is  always  a  demand  for  Amercan  produce.  The  market  is  cheaply 
and  abundantly  supplied.  Merchants,  (some  English  and  French 
and  Italian)  are  established  at  Tunis,  who  do  business  for  the  for- 
eigner. Commissions  are  three  per  cent,  on  sales,  the  same  on 
purchases  of  cargoes.  The  sworn  broker  is  a  necessary  appendage 
in  trading,  he  receives  pay  according  to  what  service  he  renders. 

BARBARY   MONEY. 

3  Aspers,         -         -         -         1  medim,  1  penny  currency. 
2  Rials,  -         -         .         1  double.  Is.  Id. 

4  Doubles,       ...  1  dollar,  4s.  6d. 
15      Do.       .     -         -         -         1  pistole,  16s.  9 J. 

Merchants'  accounts  are  kept  in  this  money. 

Exchange  between  England,  France,  and  Tunis,  is  frequent  and 
safe.  Bills  of  exchange  are  usually  transacted  by  the  diflerent  foreign 
consuls  residing  there.  Leghorn  is  generally  the  place  the  bills  are 
drawn  on. 

AVeigiits. — One  hundred  pounds  Tunis,  is  equal  to  one  hundred 
and  twelve  pounds  English. 


87 

jNIeasures. — Sixteen  lumolos  equal  to  one  cafTec,  cacli  lumolo 
equal  to  fifty  pounds  Tunis  weight. 

Bullocks  are  plentiful  and  cheap,  one  of  six  or  seven  cwt,  will 
cost  about  a  Spanish  doubloon. 

The  Tunisians  are  the  best  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  putting  beef 
up  for  ship  use. 

The  religion  of  the  country  is  Mahometan,  but  all  the  resident 
consuls  there  have  chapels,  in  which  are  performed  the  rites  of  the 
religion  to  which  they  and  those  who  have  business  with  them  be- 
long.    The  Latitude  is  36  47,  N. ;  and  Longitude  10  00,  E. 


88 


CONSTANTINOPLE.. 


This  town  is  the  capital  of  Turkey  in  Europe  and  Asia,  built 
upon  the  ruins  of  Byzantium,  and  is  a  place  of  great  commercial  in- 
terest to  the  European  merchant  as  well  as  to  the  American. 

Merchants  of  all  nations  are  residing  there,  who  do  business  for 
the  stranger.  It  contains  about  six  hundred  thousand  inhabitants. 
It  is  situated  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Archipelago.  South  of  it 
is  the  sea  of  Marmora,  and  north  the  straits  of  Constantinople.  The 
palace  of  the  emperor,  the  ancient  churches  and  mosques,  and  public 
buildings  of  different  kinds,  are  built  on  a  magnificent  scale. 

American  produce  sells  well  and  profitably  at  that  market. 
Diplomatic  agents  and  consuls  of  all  nations  are  in  full  functions  at 
Constantinople,  and  some  of  the  European  powers  have  full  ministers 
there,  as  it  is  a  place  of  great  political  and  commercial  interest  to  the 
different  European  governments.  Measures  are  the  same  as  at 
Tunis.  There  are  some  American  commercial  houses  established 
there. 

The  markets  are  abundantly  supplied  with  all  which  may  be 
required  by  the  inhabitants,  and  those  who  visit  there.  Sugar  is 
always  in  great  demand  there,  it  is  brought  from  Brazil  and  the 
West  Indies,  but  sugar  from  the  United  States  would  be  preferred, 
if  the  merchant  would  commence  sending  regular  cargoes  there. 
This  fact  is  ascertained  from  a  letter  written  some  years  ago  to  Mr. 
Baker  by  the  house  of  Kirkpatrick  and  Co.,  at  Constantinople,  on 
the  sugar  question,  where  it  is  stated  "that  American  sugars  had 
been  preferred,  and  would  bring  good  prices  if  sent  there."    . 

Latitude  41  01,  N. ;  Longitude  28  58,  E. 


.89 


SMYRNA. 


Smyrna  is  next  to  Constantinople  in  its  commercial  arrangements. 
It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  a  gulf  on  the  west  coast  of  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  This  place  is  frequented  by  vessels  of  all  nations  for 
trade.  The  town  is  very  large,  but  not  so  inviting  to  the  eye  of  the 
foreigner,  as  it  is  not  as  cleanly  in  its  arrangements  as  it  might  be. 
Of  late  years  Smyrna  has  been  greatly  improved,  and  the  comforts 
and  luxuries  of  life  can  now  be  obtained  there  without  difliculty. 
Large  stone  buildings  are  being  erected  in  place  of  the  old  wooden 
ones  with  which  the  city  was  built,  and  in  a  few  years  Smyrna  will 
present  a  fine  and  noble  appearance  as  a  city.  At  the  east  end  of 
the  town  there  is  a  hill,  upon  which  is  built  a  splendid  fort,  said  to 
have  been  built  in  former  times  by  the  Genoese.  Behind  the 
town  large  groves  of  olive  trees  may  be  seen,  which  produce  great 
quantities  of  oil.  Smyrna  is  the  great  depot  for  the  productions 
of  the  Levant,  and  persons  of  all  nations  are  continually  trading  there. 
Consuls  of  all  nations  are  residing  there  for  the  better  arrangement 
of  the  commercial  interests  of  the  country  to  which  they  belong. 

The  articles  of  import  are  coffee,  sugar,  rum,  &c.  The  coffee 
is  an  article  of  luxury,  and  always  brings  high  prices.  Sugar  the 
same  ;  the  Havana  sugar  is  esteemed  more  than  any  other  kind, 
and  sells  well.  Indigo  is  an  article  constantly  in  demand  for  dyeing 
cloths  and  other  articles.  The  English  at  present  monopolize  this 
trade,  but  the  American  indigo  sells  well  and  profitably. 

The  exports  are  silks  from  Brassa,  opium,  drugs  and  gums 
madder,  sponges,  oil,  wax,  skins,  wool,  &:c.,  figs,  raisins  and  other 
7 


90 

dried  fruits.  The  people  of  Trieste  have  the  advantage  of  receiving 
fine  wines  from  the  interior,  and  the  islands  around  ;  they  are  of  fine 
flavor  and  cheap. 

Smyrna  is  famous  in  ancient  history — but  all  that  is  passing  away, 
and  in  a  few  years  this  place  will  be  so  modelled  by  modern  arrange- 
ments, that  what  was  of  it,  will  only  be  in  recollection,  and  it  will 
become  the  finest  commercial  city  in  the  Levant. 

The  religion  of  different  parts  of  Europe  is  tolerated,  but  the 
Turkish  or  Mahometan  creed  is  predominant. 

Merchants'  commissions  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  purchases 
and  sales,  each  half  per  cent,  for  brokerage.  Sworn  brokers  are 
employed  as  interpreters  as  well  as  brokers. 

Latitude  38  29,  N. ;  Longitude  27  24,  E. 


91 


THE  MOEEA. 


The  commerce  of  the  Morea  would  be  of  great  importance  to  the 
United  States,  if  it  were  properly  known  and  entered  into.  Cargoes 
may  be  obtained  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  of  the  many  products  of 
the  Morea.  Provisions  there  are  abundant  and  cheap.  Lead  and 
tin  are  always  in  demand.  Codfish  finds  an  excellent  market  in  the 
Morea.  Flour  in  half  barrels,  and  rice  and  other  products  of  the 
United  States,  the  same. 

Petrasio  is  a  convenient  port  to  load  at,  and  has  a  safe  and  com- 
modious harbor,  with  excellent  anchorage.  The  produce  of  the 
Morea  is  various,  plentiful  and  cheap. 

Currants. — Petrasio  is  the  best  port  to  ship  them  from.  Zante 
and  Corfu  are  also  ports  where  they  are  obtained.  They  are  shipped 
to  England  particularly,  and  the  European  market,  in  different  sized 
casks  from  one  to  twenty  cwt. ;  they  are  sent  to  the  United  States  in 
lesser  parcels  ;  the  casks  are  generally  made  out  of  the  wood  of  the 
country.  The  Zante  currant  is  preferred  in  the  United  States. 
October  is  the  best  season  for  them,  they  cost  about  two  and  half  a 
cents  per  pound. 

Fustic. — A  fine  dye  wood  for  cloths,  &c.,  it  is  generally  put  on 
board  of  ship  as  tonnage  ;  a  vessel  with  a  dry  cargo  of  two  hundred 
tons  burthen,  can  easily  stow  away  from  forty  to  fifty  tons  of  this 
wood ;  it  brings  good  prices,  fluctuating,  however,  according  to 
quality  and  demand. 

Cotton,  is  grown  here,  but  sent  to  the  Italian  market;  it  is  almost 
a  monopoly  trade,  prices  are  governed  by  demand. 


92 

Olive  Oil,  is  made  in  the  Morea  in  considerable  quantities.  At 
Modona  there  is  a  very  convenient  harbor,  safe  and  good  anchorage 
fit  for  shipping  it.  It  is  generally  purchased  in  jars  or  bottles  at 
so  much  per  ton.  Casks  are  best  to  put  oil  in.  Candia  furnishes 
very  line  oil,  but  it  is  all  monopolized  by  the  Turkish  government 
and  sent  to  the  city  of  Contantinople. 

Valonia. — This  is  a  kind  of  acorn,  of  a  bright  drab  color,  which 
if  kept  dry,  it  preserves  ;  it  is  useful  and  in  great  demand  by  tanners, 
both  in  England  and  the  United  States.  It  can  be  purchased  for 
about  four  pound  sterling  the  ton  free  on  board.  This  last  is  one 
of  the  several  articles  which,  as  has  been  said  before  in  this  work,  the 
merchant  may  load  his  vessel  with  to  advantage,  when  his  finances 
are  but  small,  with  a  very  small  addition  of  some  other  of  the  very 
many  cheap  products  of  the  Morea,  all  fit  for  the  U.  States  market. 

Petrasio  and  Valonia  are  two  good  ports  for  the  above-mentioned 
article  to  be  shipped  from. 

To  enumerate  fully  the  various  products  of  the  Morea,  would  fill 
a  large  volume  ;  only  the  more  bulky  articles  have  been  mentioned 
and  pointed  out  to  the  American  merchant  and  ship  owuer,  where 
cargoes  may  be  obtained,  how  and  when,  with  the  facilities  of  this 
trade  explained  to  them  as  far  as  practicable,  in  such  a  way  as  to 
prevent  delays  in  these  ports ;  otherwise  waiting  perhaps  for  weeks 
for  cargoes  without  success. 

Besides  a  great  many  articles  too  numerous  to  enumerate,  the  pro- 
duce of  the  Morea,  the  following  are  mentioned  as  being  cheap  and 
abundant. 

Dried  fruits,  almonds,  nuls,  gums,  galls,  drugs,  wines,  oil,  olives, 
&c.  &c.  The  foreign  mercantile  business  of  the  Morea,  is  generally 
carried  on  by  English  and  French  resident  merchants;  their  charges 
are  generally  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  purchases  and  sales  each, 
and  half  per  cent,  brokerage  ;  a  sworn  broker  is  generally  employed 
by  the  parties  engaged  in  trade,  as  in  case  of  disputes  his  interference 
is  necessery  to  arrange  such  matters  ;  they  are  persons  generally  of 
strict  probity,  and  their  word  is  their  bond  ;  they  are  generally 
Greeks.  He  is  paid  according  to  his  labor,  say  a  quarter  or  one- 
eighth  per  cent.,  and  often  less. 


93 


ZANTE. 


Zante  is  a  populous  town,  the  capital  of  an  island  of  the  same 
name ;  considerable  trade  is  carried  on  there,  in  currants,  grapes, 
and  wine. 

It  numbers  40,000  inhabitants,  chiefly  Greeks.  Markets  are 
plentifully  and  cheaply  supplied  with  the  necessaries  of  life. 


94 


CORFU. 


The  capital  of  the  island  of  Corfu,  is  a  place  of  great  strength, 
and  has  a  fine  and  safe  harbor,  and  is  engaged  in  considerable  trade 
with  the  stranger.  Markets  are  good,  and  produce  plenty  and  cheap. 
The  population  of  Corfu  is  about  50,000  persons,  chiefly  Greeks. 

The  Latitude  of  Zante  is  37  57,  N. ;  Longitude  20  42,  E. 

The  Latitude  of  Corfu  is  39  48,  N. ;  Longitude  19  38,  E. 

The  money  arrangements,  weights  and  measures,  are  about  the 
same  in  the  Morea  as  in  the  Barbary  States,  with  an  occasional 
slight  exception,  and  merchants  are  governed  thereby. 


95 


CYPEUS. 


An  island  in  the  Levant,  of  great  renown  in  ancient  history.  It 
produces  a  delightful  and  finely  flavored  wine,  which  is  sold  very 
cheap,  and  sent  generally  to  England.  This  wine  is  the  growth  of 
the  bottom  land  on  the  borders  of  the  celebrated  Mount  Olympus, 
and  the  best  wine  (as  is  said  by  some)  produced  in  that  quarter. 
Nicosi  is  the  capital  town,  and  has  a  population  of  twenty  thou- 
sand persons. 

Fama  Gusta,  another  town  of  importance  on  the  island,  has  a 
very  fine  and  safe  harbor.  The  natural  productions  of  this  island 
are  so  rich,  that  foreign  nations  have  residing  there  consuls ;  all  the 
larger  powers  of  Europe  are  represented  by  their  respective  consuls 
at  Cyprus. 

The  productions  are  various,  some  are  enumerated.  Wine,  cotton, 
oil,  silk,  dried  fruits,  nuts  and  turpentine,  all  these  products  are  plenty 
and  cheap.  Some  assorted  cargoes  from  the  United  States  would 
sell  well  and  profitably  there,  on  exchange  for  the  produce  of  the 
Island,  to  the  advantage  of  the  trader. 

MONEY. 
3  Aspars,    -         -         1  Para,      -        -         1  penny  sterling. 
20  Aspars,     -         -         1  Solota,    -         -  1  shilling  do. 

80  Aspars,     -         -         1  Piastre,  -         -         4       " 
10  Solotas,    -         -         1  Xeriff,     -         -       10       " 
Traders  in  the  different  parts  of  the   Morea  are  governed  by  this 
money  in  their  commercial  transactions  with  the  people  in  general. 

WEIGHTS. 
1  Oke,  is  equal  to  -         -         28  lbs.  English 


A  TABLE  OF  MONEY. 

FROM    THE  ASSAYISt's    OFFICE   AT  THE    MINT,  IN  THE    TOWER 
OF    LONDON,    ENGLAND. 


EUROPE.— NORTHERN   PARTS. 

[*  This  mark  is  prefixed  to  the  imaginary  money,  which  is  generally  made  use 
of  in  keeping  accounts,  signifying  a  fictitious  piece  which  is  not  in  being,  or  which 
cannot  be  represented  but  by  several  other  pieces,  as  a  Pound  Sterling,  &c. 

All  fractions  in  the  value  English  are  parts  of  a  penny.] 

ENGLAND  AND  SCOTLAND. 

London^  Bristol,  Liverpool,  Sfc. — Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Aberdeen,  &fc. 


1  Farthing, 

2  Farthings, 
2  Halfpence, 

4  Pence,   . 
C  Pence,    . 

12  Pence,    . 

5  Shillings, 

20  Shillings, 

21  Shillings, 


1  Farthing, 

2  Farthings, 
2  Halfpence, 

Q>1  Pence,    . 

12  Pence,    . 

13  Pence,  . 
65  Pence,  . 
20  Shillings, 

223  Shillings, 


1  Halfpenny, 
1  Penny,  .     .     . 
1  Groat,    ,     .     . 
1  Half  Shilling, 
1  Shilling, 
1  Crown, . 
*1  Pound  Sterling; 
.  1  Guinea,       .     . 

IRELAND. 

Dublin,  Cork,  Londonderry,  ^-c. 


1  Halfpenny, 

*  1  Penny,     .     . 
1  Half  Shilling, 

*  1  Shilling  Irish, 
1  Shilling,    .     . 

1  Crown,  .     .     . 

*  1  Pound  Irish, 
1  Guinea,      .     . 


£ 

s. 

d. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

6 

0 

1 

0 

0 

5 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

I 

0 

0 

0 

0  -3 
"     13 

0 

0 

0  <! 
"    T3 

0 

0 

0  i'^ 

"     13 

0 

0 

G 

0 

1 

0  3 
"    40 

0 

0 

11 

0 

5 

0 

0 

18 

5^ 

1 

1 

0 

€ 

s. 

d. 

0 

0 

Oih 

0 

0 

^1% 

0 

0 

^11% 

0 

0 

0^ 

0 

0 

5t 

0 

0 

6  A 

0 

1 

G 

0 

9 

3 

0 

9 

0 

97 

FLANDERS  AND  BRABANT. 
Ghent,  Oslend,  Sec. — Anliverp,  Brussels,  ^-c. 

*  1  Penning, 0 

4  Peningens,  .     .     .     .  ]  Uchre, 0 

8  Peningens, .     .     .     .  *1  Grote, 

2  Grotes, 1  Petard, 

6  Petards, *  1  Scalin,     .... 

7  Petards,      ....  1  Scalin, 

40  Grotes, *  1  Florin,    .... 

17J  Scalins, 1  Ducat, 

240  Grotes, *  1  Pound  Flem.,  .     . 

HOLLAND  AND  ZEALAND, 
Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  Middleburgh,  Flushing,  ^c. 

*  1  Penning, 0     0     O/^i^ 

8  Peningens, .     .     .     .  *  1  Grote, 0     0     0  |J 

2  Grotes, 1  Stiver, 0     0     0 

6  Stivers, 1  Scalin, 0     0     C 

20  Stivers, 1  Guilder, 0     19 

2  Florins  10  Stivers,     .  1  Rix-dollar,      ....    0    4     G 
60  Stivers, 1  Dry  Guilder,  ....    0     5     4  | 

3  Florins  3  Stivers,      .  1  Silver  Ducatoon,      .     .0     5     S  -^g 
6  Guilders,     .     .     .     .  *  1  Pound  Flem.,   ...    0  10     G 

20  Florins, 1  Gold  Ducat  or  Ducatoon,    I  16     0 

15  Florins, 1  Ducatoon,  another  sort, 

called  a  sovereign,  ..170 
HAMBURG. 
Allena,  Lubec,  Bremen,  &fc, 

*  1  Tryling, 0 

2  Trylings,     .     .     .     .  *  1  Sexling, 0 

2  Sexlings,     ....  1  Fening, 0 

12  Fenings,      ....  1  Shilling  Lub.,      ...    0 

16  Shillings,    ....  *  1  Marc, 0 

2  Marcs, 1  Sletch-dollar,  ....  0 

3  Marcs, 1  Rix-dollar, 0 

4  Marcs, 1  Silver  Ducatoon,      .     .  0 

120  Shillings,    .     .     .     .  *  1  Pound  Flem.,    ...  0 


1 


0 

Or 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

6 

3 

0 

4 

6 

6 

0 

11 

3 

h 

3_ 

(54 
3 
3  5 


98 

HANOVER. 
Lunenburg,  Zell,  ^c. 


*  1  Fening, 

3  Fenings, 
8  Fenings, 

12  Fenings, 
8  Groshen, 
16  Groshen, 
24  Groshen, 
32  Groshen, 

4  Guldens, 


.  1  Dreyer,      .     . 

.  1  Marien,      .     . 

.  1  Grosh,  .     .     . 

.  1  Half  Gulden, 

.  1  Gulden,      .     . 

.  *  1  Rix-dollar,    . 

.  1  Double  Gulden, 

.  1  Ducat,  .     .     . 


0 

0 

0    4^g 

0 

0 

0  /s 

0 

0 

1  h 

0 

0 

1  f 

0 

1 

2 

0 

2 

4 

0 

3 

6 

0 

4 

8 

0    9    2 


SAXONY  AND  HOLSTEIN. 
Dresden,  Leipsic,  ^c. — Wismar,  Keil,  ^c. 

*  1  Heller, 0 

2  Hellers, 1  Fening, 0 

6  Hellers, 1  Dreyer, 0 

16  Hellers, 1  Marien, 0 

12  Fenings,     ....  1  Grosh, 0 

16  Groshen,     ....   1  Gould, 0 

24  Groshen,     .     .     .     .  *  1  Rix-dollar,  ....  0 

32  Groshen,     ....  1  Specie  Dollar,     ...  0 

4  Goulds, 1  Ducat, 0 


0 

0 

p 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

2 

4 

3 

6 

4 

8 

9 

4 

_7_ 
96 
7 
IE 
J_ 
16 
1 


BRANDENBURGH  AND  POMERANIA. 


Berlin,  Potsdam,  §-c. — Stetin,  S)-c. 


*  1  Denier, 

9  Deniers, 

18  Deniers, 

3  Polchens, 

20  Groshen, 

30  Groshen, 

90  Groshen, 

108  Groshen, 

8  Florins, . 


0  0  Ojf^ 

1  Polchen, 0  0  0  f  g 

1  Grosh, 0  0  0  f . 

1  Abrass, 0  0  0  /g 

*  1  Marc,       .... 
1  Florin, 0  1 

*  1  Rix-  dollar,  ....  0  3 

1  Albertus, 0  4 

1  Ducat, 0  9 


0     0     9  J 

2 

6 

2 

4 


99 


COLOGNE. 
,  Mentz,  Triers,  Liege,  Munich,  Munstcr,  Padcrborn,  ^c. 

£ 

1  Dute, 0 

3  Dutes, I  Cruitzer,    .     .     .     ,     .    0 

3  Cruitzers,  ....  1  Alb, 0 

8  Dutes, 1  Stiver, 0 

3  Stivers, 1  Plapert, 0 

4  Plaperts,     ....  1  Copstuck, 0 

40  Stivers, 1  Guilder, 0 

2  Guilders,     ....  1  Hard  Dollar,  ...         0 
4  Guilders,     ....  1  Ducat, 0 


;. 

d. 

0 

0 

7 

So 

0 

0 

BU 

0 

0 

n 

0 

0 

i\ 

0 

2 

1 

Tg 

0 

8 

2 

ft 

2 

4 

4 

8 

9 

4 

1  Fening, . 

2  Fenings, 

3  Fenings, 

4  Fenings, 
2  Cruitzers, 

60  Cruitzers, 
90  Cruitzers, 

2  Goulds,  . 

4  Goulds,  . 


BOHEMIA,  SILESIA  AND  HUNGARY. 
Prague,  Breslau,  Presburgh,  Sfc. 


1  Dreyer, 
1  Grosh,  .     . 
1  Cruitzer,   . 
1  White  Grosh, 
1  Gould,  .     . 
*1  Rix-dollar, 
1  Hard  Dollar, 
1  Ducat,    .     . 


0 

0 

0 

,% 

0 

0 

0 

.% 

0 

0 

0 

/. 

0 

0 

0 

7 
T5 

0 

0 

0 

14 

1  5 

0 

2 

4 

0 

3 

C 

0 

4 

8 

0    9    4 


AUSTRIA  AND  SWABIA. 
Vienna,  Trieste,  SfC. — Augsburg,  Blenheim,  ^c. 

Fening,       0 

do 1  Dreyer, 0 

do 1  Crutizer, 0 

do 1  Grosch, 0 

Crutizers,  ....  1  Batzen, 0 

Balzen, 1  Gould, 0 

90  Crutizers,    ....  1  Rix-dollar,      ....  0 

2  Florins, 1  Specie  dollar,     ...  0 

60  Batzen, 1  Ducat,        0 


1 
2 
4 

14 
4 

15 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

2 

4 

3 

0 

4 

G 

9 

4 

7 
CO 

7 
^0 

7 

IS 
19 
4? 
1  3 
15 


100 


FRANCONIA. 
Frankfort,  Nuremburg,  JDettingen,  Sfc] 


£ 


1  Fening,  .... 

.    0 

0    0  ,\ 

4  Fenings,      .     .     . 

1  Cruitzer,    .     .     .     . 

.    0 

0    0^ 

3  Cruitzers,    .     .     . 

1  Keyser  Grosh,     . 

.    0 

0     1  1 

4  Cruitzers,   .     •     . 

1  Batzen,      .     .     . 

.    0 

0   Ml 

15  Cruitzers,   .     .     . 

1  Ort  Gold,  .     .     . 

.    0 

0     7 

60  Cruitzers,  .     .     . 

1  Gould, 

.    0 

2    4 

90  Cruitzers,    .     .     . 

*1  Rix-dollar,     .     . 

.    0 

3    6 

2  Goulds,  .... 

1  Hard  dollar,    .     . 

.    0 

4    8 

240  Cruitzers,   .     .     . 

1  Ducat,  .... 

.     .    0 

9    4 

POLAND  AND  PRUSSIA. 


Cracow,  Warsaw,  S^c. — Dantzic,  Koningsberg,  ^-c. 


1  Shelon,  . 

3  Shelons, 

.5  Groshen, 

3  Coustics, 

18  Groshen, 

30  Groshen, 

90  Groshen, 

8  Florins,  . 

5  Rix-dollars, 


1  Grosh,  .  . 
1  Coustic,  .  . 
1  Tinse,  .  .  . 
1  Ort,  .... 
1  Florin,  .  .  . 
*  1  Rix'dollar,  . 
1  Ducat,  .  .  . 
I  Frederic  d'Or, 


0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 

2^ 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

®    5 

0 

1 

2 

0 

3 

6 

0 

9 

4 

0  17     6 


LIVC^flA. 

Riga,  Revel,  Narva,  SfC, 

1  Blacken, 0 

6  Blackens,    ....  1  Grosh, 0 

9  Blackens,    ....  1  Vording, 0 

2  Groshen,      .         .     .  1  Whiten, 0 

6  Groshen,     ....  1  Marc, 0 

30  Groshen,     ....  1  Florin, 0 

90  Groshen,     .     .     .     .  *  1  Rix-dollar,  ....  0 

108  Groshen,     ....  1  Albertus, 0 

64  Whitens,     ....  1  Copper-plate  dollar,      .  0 


0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

o 

3 

6 

4 

o 

5 

0 

7 

■gg 

_7_ 
1  5 
7 

10 
14 
1  5 
4 
5 


J5_ 
1  5 


101 


Iff 


DENMARK,  ZEALAND  AND  NORWAY. 

Copenhagen,  Sound,  ^c— Bergen,  Dronlheim,  ^c. 

£     S.      d. 

1  Skilling, 000 

6  Skillings,    ....  1  Duggen, 0     0     3  | 

16  Skillings,    ....  *  1  Marc, 009 

20  Skillings,    ....  1  Rix-marc, 0     0  11  J 

24  Skillings,    ....   1  Rix-ort, 0     1     1  i 

4  Marcs, 1  Crown, 0     3 

6  Marcs, 1  Rix-dollar,      ....  0     4 

11  Marcs, 1  Ducat, 0     8 


14  Marcs, 1  Hat  Ducat, 


0  10 


SWEDEN  AND  LAPLAND. 


Slockholm,  Upsal,  <^c. — Thorn,  S)C. 


^  1  Runstick,  .     . 

2  Runsticks,  .     . 

8  Runsticks,  . 

3  Copper  Marcs, 

4  Copper  Marcs, 

9  Copper  Marcs, 
3  Copper  Dollars, 
3  Silver  Dollars, 
2  Rix-dollars, 


1  Stiver,  .  . 
1  Copper  Marc, 
1  Silver  Marc,  . 
1  Copper  Dollar, 
1  Caroline,  .  . 
1  Silver  Dollar, . 
1  Rix-dollar, 
1  Ducat,  .     .     . 


0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 

0  3^, 

1  5 

0 

0 

4  1 

0 

0 

G  % 

0 

1 

2 

0 

1 

G? 

0 

4 

G 

0 

9 

4 

RUSSIA  AND  MUSCOVY. 
Petersburg,  Archangel,  Sfc. — Moscow,  Sfc. 

1  Polusca, 0 

2  Poluscas,     ....   1  Denusca, 0 

2  Denuscas,  .     .     .     .  *  1  Copec, 0 

3  Copecs, 1  Altin, 0 

10  Copecs, 1  Grievener, 0 

25  Copecs, 1  Polpotin, 0 

50  Copecs, .     .     .     . '   .  1  Poltin, 0 

100  Copecs, 1  Ruble, 0 

2  Rubles, 1  Xervonitz,      .     .     . 


0 


0 

^■fJo 

0 

^iVo 

0 

Oil 

0 

1  " 

0 

5    ? 

1 

1    i 

o 

3 

4 

G 

9 

0 

102 


EUROPE.— SOUTHERN    PARTS. 


1  Rap, .     . 

3  Rapen,  . 

4  Fenings, 
12  Fenings, 
15  Fenings, 
18  Fenings, 
20  Sols,  .  . 
60  Cruitzers, 

108  Cruitzers, 


1  Heller,   . 

2  Hellers, . 
4  Fenings, 

12  Fenings, 

4  Cruitzers, 

5  Cruitzers, 
20  Sols,  .  . 
60  Cruitzers, 

102  Cruitzers, 


BASIL. 

Zurich,  Zug,  SfC. 

£  S.  d. 

000 

1  Fening, 0  0  0 

1  Cruitzer, 0  0  0 

*  1  Sol, 0  0  1 

1  Coarse  Batzen,    ...  0  0  1 

1  Good  Batzen,      ...  0  0  2 

*lLivre, 0  2  6 

1  Gulden, 0  2  6 

1  Rix-dollar,      ....  0  4  6 

,  ST.  GALL.": 


Appenzel,  ^-c. 

0 

1  Fening, 0 

1  Cruitzer, 0 

*  1  Sol, 0 

1  Coarse  Batzen,    ...  0 

1  Good  Batzen,      ...  0 

*  1  Livre, 0 

I  Gould, 0 

1  Rix-dollar,      ....  0 

BERNE. 


24 
1 

i 

7 


0 

Ot'. 

0 

0| 

0 

0^ 

0 

0  i 

0 

2 

0 

^i 

2 

6 

2 

6 

4 

3 

Lucerne,  Neufchatel,  ^-c. 


I  Denier,  . 
4  Deniers, 

3  Cruitzers, 

4  Cruitzers, 

5  Cruitzers, 

6  Cruitzers, 
20  Sols,      . 
75  Cruitzers, 

135  Cruitzers, 


0  0  0  J, 

.  1  Cruitzer,   .....  0  0  0  § 

.  *  1  Sol, 0  0  1  I 

.  1  Plapert, 0  0 

.  1  Gros 0  0 

.  1  Batzen, 0  0  2? 


If 


.  *  1  Livre,      .....    0     2     0 

.  1  Gulden, 0     2     6 

.  1  Crown, 0     4     6 


103 


1  Denier,  .     . 

2  Deniers, 
12  Deniers, 
12  Deniers  current, 
12  Small  Sols, 
20  Sols  current, 

lOJ  Florins, .     . 
151  Florins, 
24  Florins, .     . 


GENEVA. 
Peka,  Bonne,  fyc. 


1  Denier  current, 
1  Small  Sol,  .     . 
1  Sol  current,    . 

*  1  Florin,    .     . 

*  1  Livre  current, 
1  Patacoon,  .     . 
1  Croisade,    .     . 

1  Ducat,  .     .     . 


£ 


c 

s. 

(]. 

0 

0 

0-,\ 

0 

0 

0  ,'* 

0 

0 

0^ 

0 

0 

0  f 

0 

0 

44 

0 

1 

3 

0 

3 

Hi 

0 

5 

10^ 

0 

9 

0 

LISLE. 


Cambray,  Valenciennes,  ^c. 


1  Denier, 0 

12  Deniers,      ....  1  Sol, 0 

15  Deniers,      .     .     .     .  *  1  Patard, 0 

15  Patards,       .     .     .     .  *  1  Piette, 0 

20  Sols, 1  Livre  Turnois,     ...  0 

20  Patards, *1  Florin, 0 

60  Sols, 1  Ecu  of  Ex.,     ....  0 

IO2  Livres, 1  Ducat, 0 

24  Livres, 1  Louis  d'Or,     ....  1 


0 

^^\ 

0 

0  i 

0 

Of 

0 

9| 

0 

10 

1 

04 

0 

6 

9 

3 

0 

0 

DUNKIRK. 
St.  Omer's,  St.  Quintin,  ^c. 

1  Denier, 0 

12  Deniers,      ....  1  Sol 0 

15  Deniers,      .     .     .     .  *  1  Patard, 0 

15  Sols, *  1  Piette, 0 

20  Sols,      .     .     .     .     .  *  1  Livre  Turnois, ...  0 

3  Livres, 1  Ecu  of  E.x.,    ....  0 

24  Livres, 1  Louis  d'Or,     ....  1 

324  Livres, 1  Guinea, 1 

30|  Livres, 1  Moeda, 1 


0 
0 

0  k 

0 
0 

Of 

7  4 

0 

10 

0 

6 

0 

0 

1 

0 

7 

0 

104 


PARIS. 
Lyons,  Marseilks,  §-c. — Bourdeaux,  Bayonne,  ^c. 

£    s.     (I. 

1  Denier, 000 

3       do 1  Liard, 0     0     0 

2  Liards, 1  Dardene, 0     0     0 

12  Deniers,      ....  1  Sol, 000 

20  Sols, *  1  Livre  Tournois,     .     .    0 

60  do 1  Ecu  of  Ex.,     ....    0 

6  Livres, 1  Ecu, 0     5     0 

10 J  do *1  Pistole, 0     8     4 

24    do 1  Louisd'or, 10     0 


7. 
24 


0  10 
2    6 


PORTUGAL. 
Lisbon,  Oporto,  S^c. 

*  1  Re, 

10  Rez, 1  Half  Vintin,  .     .     . 

20  Rez, 1  Vintin, 

5  Vintins,      ....   1  Testoon, 0 

4  Testoons,    ....  1  Crusade  of  Ex.,   .     . 

24  Vintins, 1  New  Crusade,      .     . 

10  Testoons,    .     .     .     .  *  1  Milre,     .... 

48  Testoons,    ....  1  Moidore,    .... 

64  Testoons,    .     .     .     .1  Joannes,     .... 


0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 

0  27 

"400 

0  27 
■"■20 

6  1 

0 

2 

3 

0 

2 

«f 

0 

5 

7  h 

1 

7 

0 

1 

16 

0 

MADRID. 

Cadiz,  Seville,  ^c. — New  Plate, 

1  Maravedie, 

2  Maravedies,     ...  1  Q,uatril,      .     .     . 
54  Maravedies,     .     .     .1  Rial,      .... 

2  Rials, I  Pistarine,    .     .     . 

8  Rials, *- 1  Piastre  of  Ex.,  . 

10  Rials, 1  Dollar,  .     .     .     . 

375  Maravedies,     ...  *  1  Ducat  of  Ex.,  . 

32  Rials, *  1  Pistole  of  Ex., . 

36  Rials, 1  Pistole,  .     .     .     . 


0  0     O5V3- 

0  0   OjS% 

0  0    5  I 

0  0  10  # 


.037 
.046 
.    0    4  11  ^ 
.    0  14    4 
.    0  16    9 


105 


GIBRALTAR. 

Malaga,  Denia,  §-c Vdon. 

£ 

*  1  Maravedie, 0 

2      do 1  Ochavo, 0 

4       do 1  Quartil, 0 

34       do *1  Rial  Velon,  ....  0 

15  Rials, *I  Piastre  of  Ex.,  ...  0 

512  Maravadies,     ...  1  Piastre, 0 

60  Rials, *1  Pistole  of  Ex.,  ...  0 

2048  Maravadies,   ...  1      do.         do.       ...  0 

70  Rials, 1  Pistole, 0 

BARCELONA. 

Saragossa,  Valencia,  SfC. — Old  Plate. 

1  Maravedie, 0 

16  do 1  Soldo, 0 

2  Soldos, 1  Rial  Old  Plate,  ...    0 

16     do *1  Dollar, 0 

20  do *1  Libra, 0 

21  do *1  Ducat, 0 

22  do *1     do 0 

24     do *1     do.    .....  0 

60     do 1  Pistole, 0 

GENOA,  NOVI,  ST.  REMO,  &c. 

Corsica,  Bastia,  ifc. 

1  Denari, 0 

12    do 1  Soldi, 0 

4  Soldi, 1  Chevalet, 0 

20  do *1  Lire, 0 

30  do 1  Testoon, 0 

5  Lires, 1  Croisade, 0 

115  Soldi, *1  PezzoofEx.,    .     .     .0 

6  Testoons,    ....  1  Geiiouine,       ....  0 
20  Lires, 1  Pistole, 0 

8 


0 

^^\\ 

0 

OtV. 

0 

Oil 

0 

2  5 

3 

7 

3 

7 

14 

4 

14 

4 

16 

9 

0 
0 
0 
4 

3f 
6| 
6 

5 
5 

7  i 
10  ^ 

6 
6 

2i 
9 

16 

9 

0 

0    '^3 

0 

0  iVc 

0 

o^f 

0 

8   1 

1 

OA 

3 

7 

4 

2 

6 

2 

4 

4 

0 
0 
0 
0 

Of 
9 

1 

3 

4 

6 

5 

3 

6 

3 

0 

0 

106 

PIEDMONT,  SAVOY  AND  SARDINIA. 

Turin,  Chamherry,  CagUari,  Sfc. 

£     5.     d. 

1  Denari, ' .     . 0 

3     do 1  Qiiatrini, 0 

12     do 1  Soldi,     ......  0 

12  Soldi, *1  Florin,      .     .     .     .     .0 

20     do *  1  Lire,  ......  0 

6  Florins, 1  Scudi, 0 

7  do 1  Ducattoon,      ....  0 

13  Lires, 1  Pistole, 0  16 

16     do 1  Louis  d'Or,     ....  1 


MILAN,  MODENA,  PARMA,  PAYIA,  &c. 

1  Denari, ^0 

3  Denari, 1  duatrino,   .... 

12  Denari,  .     .     .     .     .  1  Soldi, 

20  Soldi,  .     .     .     .  '  .  *1  Lire, 

115  Soldi, 1  Scudi  current,     .     . 

117  Soldi, *1  Scudi  of  Ex.,     .     . 

6  Lires, 1  Philip, 

22  Lires, 1  Pistole, 0 

23  Lires, 1  Spanish  Pistole,  .     . 


LEGHORN,  FLORENCE,  &c. 

1  Denari, 0 

4  Denari, 1  Quatrini, 0 

12  Denari, 1  Soldi, 0 

5  Cluatrini,     ....    1  Craca, 0 

8  Cracas, 1  Quilo, 0 

20  Soldi, *1  Lire, 0 

6  Lires, 1  Piastre  of  Ex.,     ...  0 

7^  Lires, 1  Ducat, 0 

22  Lires, 1  Pistole, 0 


.0 

0 

^B% 

0 

0 

Oh^5 

0 

0 

OH 

0 

0 

8 1! 

0 

4 

2^ 

0 

4 

3 

0 

4 

4  J 

0 

16 

0 

0 

16 

9 

0 

0  5 

"l44 

0 

Os% 

0 

0/, 

0 

Off 

0 

5f 

0 

8* 

4 

2 

5 

2^ 

5 

6 

I  Quatrini, 0     0     O^-^ 


107 

ROME. 
CivUa    Vecchia,  Ancona,  ^c. 

£  s.  d. 

_3. 

5  Quatrini,     ....  1  Bayoc, 000 

8  Bayocs, I  Julio, 0  0  6 

10  Bayocs, 1  Stampt  Julio, ....  0  0  7 

24  Bayocs, 1  Testoon, 0  1  G 

10  Julios, 1  Crown  current,    ...  0  5  0 

13  Julios, *1  Crown  stampt,  ...  0  6  0 

18  Julios, 1  Chequin, 0  9  0 

31  Julios, 1  Pistole, 0  15  6 


NAPLES. 

Gaieta,  Capua,  SfC. 

1  duatrini,     .     .     .     .    " 0 

3  duatrini,     ....  1  Grain,    .     .     .     .     .     .0 

10  Grains, 1  Carlin, 0 

40  duatrini,     ....  1  Paulo, 0 

20  Grains, 1  Tarin, 0 

40  Grains, 1  Testoon, 0 

100  Grains,  .     .     .  ^  .     .1  Ducat  of  Ex.,      ...  0 

23  Tarins, 1  Pistole, 0 

25  Tarins, 1  Spanish  Pistole,  ...  0 


SICILY  AND  MALTA. 

Palermo,   Messina,  ^c. 

1  Pichila, 0 

6  Pichili, 1  Grain, 0 

8  Pichili, 1  Ponti, 

10  Grains, 1  Carlin, 

20  Grains, I  Tarin, 

6  Tarins, *1  Florin  of  Ex.,     .     . 

13  Tarins, 1  Ducat  of  Ex.,  .     .     . 

60  Carlins, *1  Ounce,      .... 

2  Ounces, 1  Pistole 


0 
0 
0 

4 

0 

^'l 

0 

8 

1 

4 

3 

4 

5 

4 

6 

9 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0/^ 
1t\ 

0 
0 

0 

1 

0 

3 

4 

0 

7 

8t^ 

0 

15 

4 

108 

BOLOGNA,  RAVENNA,  &c. 

£     s.     d. 

1  auatrini, 0     0     0  J^ 

6  Quatrini,     ....  1  Bayoc, 0     0     0  | 

10  Bayocs,  ;....!  Julio, 006 

20  Bayocs, *  1  Lire, 0     10 

3  Julios, 1  Testoon, 0     16 

85  Bayocs, 1  Scudi  of  Ex., .     ...  0    4     3 

100  Bayocs, 1  Crown, 0     5     0 

105  Bayocs, 1  Ducatoon, 0    5     3 

31  Julios, 1  Pistole, 0  15    6 

TRIESTE. 

Venice,  Bergamo,  §-c. 

1  Picoli, ° .0 

12  Picoli, 1  Soldi, 0 

^  Soldi, *1  Gros, 0 

18  Soldi, 1  Jule, 0 

20  Soldi, *1  Lire, 0 

3  Jules, 1  Testoon, 0 

124  Soldi, 1  Ducat  current,     ...  0 

24  Gros, *1  Ducat  of  Ex.,    ...    0 

17  Lires, 1  Chequin, 0 

TURKEY. 

Morea,  Candia,  Cyprus,  ^c. 

1  Mangar, ^0 

4  Mangars,     ....  1  Asper, 

3  Aspers, 1  Parac, 

5  Aspers, 1  Bestic, 

10  Aspers, 1  Ostic, 

20  Aspers, 1  Solota,  .... 

80  Aspers, *1  Piastre,     .     .     .     , 

100  Aspers, 1  Caragrouch,    .     .     . 

10  Solotas, 1  Xeriff,   .     .     •     .     . 


0 

o.V 

0 

0  1 

0 

2  h 

0 

6 

0 

6| 

1 

6 

3 

51 

4 

4 

9 

2 

^0 

'o 

0 
0 

Of 

0 

"o 

0 
0 

1  f 
3 

0 

0 

1 

6 
0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

10 

0 

109 

ARABIA. 
Medina,  Mecca,   Mocha,  ^c. 

£    s.     d. 

1  Garret, , 0     0     0  j 

5J  Garrets, 1  Gaveer, 0     0     0|§§ 

7  Garrets,  ,....*!  Comashee,  ....  0     0     0  /, 

80  Garrets, 1  Larin, 0     0  10  | 

18  Goinashees,      ...  1  Abyss, 014^ 

60  Gomashees,      .     .     .  *  1  Piastre,   ......  0    4     6 

80  Gaveers, 1  Dollar, 0     4     6 

100  Gomashees,      ...  1  Sequin, 076 

80  Larins, *  1  Tomond,      ....  3     7     6 

PERSIA. 

Ispahan,   Ormus,  Gombroon,  ^-c. ' 

1  Goz, 0 

4  Goz, 1  Bisti, 0 

10  Goz, 1  Shahee, 0 

20  Goz, 1  Mamooda, 0 

25  Goz, I  Larin, 0 

4  Shahees,      ....  1  Abashee, 0 

5  Abashees,    ....  1  Or, ,     .  0 

12  Abashees,    ....  1  Bovello, 0  10 

50  Abashees,    .     .     .     .  *  1  Tomond,      ....  3 

GUZURAT. 


0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

4 

0 

8 

0 

10 

1 

4 

6 

8 

10 

0 

G 

8 

1  Pecka, ' 0     0     0  g5 


Surat,   Camhay,  (fc. 

84 

2  Peckas, 1  Pice, 0     0  0  i| 

4  Pices, 1  Fanam, 0     0  1  | 

5  Pices, 1  Viz, 0     0  2»4 

16  Pices, 1  Ana, 0     0  7  J 

4  Anas, 1  Rupee, [0     2  6 

2  Rupees, 1  English  Grown,    ...    0     5  0 

14  Anas, 1  Pagoda, 0    8  9 

4  Pagodas,      ....  1  Gold  Rupee,   ....    1   15  0 


110 

BOMBAY,  DABUL,  &c. 

£     s.  d. 

*  I  Budgrook, 0     0  Og%V 

2  Budgrooks,      ...  *  I  Re, 00  O^^lj 

5Rez, 1  Pice, 0     0  OfJ 

IG  Pices, I  Laree, 0     0  5  | 

20  Pices, 1  Quarter, 0     0  6  | 

240  Rez, 1  Xeraphim,      ....  0     1  4   i 

4  Quarters,    ....   1  Rupee,  .     .         ...  0     2  3 

14  Quarters,    ....  1  Pagoda 080 

60  Quarters,    ....   I  Gold  Rupee,   ....  1  15  0 

GOA,  VISAPOUR,  &c. 

*  1  Re, 0     0  OjVff 

2  Rez, 1  Bazaraco, 0     0  0^^^ 

2  Bazaracas,  ....  1  Pecka, 00  Oj-jJ'g 

20  Rez, 1  Vintin, 0     0  1  ^^^ 

4  Vintins, 1  Laree, 0     0  5  | 

3  Larees, I  Xeraphim,       ....  0     1  4   | 

42  Vintins,      ....  1  Tangu, 0     4  G 

4  Tangus,       ....  1  Paru, 0   18  0 

8  Tangus,      ....  1  Gold  Rupee,  ....  1   15  0 

COROMANDEL. 

Madras,  Pondicherry,  ^c, 

ICash, 0     0     OgSjj 

5  Cash, 1  Viz, 0     0  0  /^ 

2  Viz, 1  Pice, 0     0  0  I 

^6  Pices, 1  Pica], [0     0  2  :i 

18  Pices, 1  Fanam, 0     0  3 

10  Fanams,      ....  1  Rupee, 026 

2  Rupees, 1  English  Crown,    ...  0     5  0 

6  Fanana, 1  Pagoda, 0     8  9 

4  Pagodas,     ....  1  Gold  Rupee,    ....  1   15  0 

BENGAL,  CALLICUT,  CALCUTTA,  &c. 

1  Pice, 0     0  0  3% 

4  Pices, 1  Fanam, 0     0  0  | 

6  Pices, 1  Viz, 0     0  0  jf 

12  Pices, 1  Ana,  " 0     0  1  | 

10  Anas, 1  Fiano, 0     16 


Ill 

Bengai,  &c. — Continued. 

£      S.      d. 

16  Anas, 1  Rupee,* 0     2     6 

2  Rupees, 1  French  Ecu,  .     .     ..050 

2  Rupees, 1  English  Crown,   ...    0     5     0 

56  Anas, 1  Pagoda, 0     8     9 

SI  AM. 
Pegii,   Malacca,   Cambodia,  Sumatra,   Javu,  Borneo,   ^-c. 

1  Cori, 0     0     O^lo 

10  Cori, 1  Fettee, 0     0     0  /^ 

125  Fetlees, 1  Sataleer, 0  0     7  J 

250  Fettees, 1  Sooco, 0  13 

500  Fettees, 1  Tical, 0  2     6 

900  Fettees, 1  Dollar, 0  4     6 

2  Ticals, 1  Rial, 0  5     0 

4  Soocos, 1  Ecu, 0  5     0 

8  Sataleers,    ....  1  Crown, 050 

CHINA.    PEKIN,  CANTON,  &c. 

ICaxa, 0     0     0^5 

10  Caxa, 1  Candereen,      ....  0     0     0  f 

10  Candereens,     ...  1  Mace, 008 

35  Candereens,     ...   1  Rupee, 026 

2  Rupees, 1  Dollar, 0     4     6 

70  Candereens,     ...  1  Rix-dollar, 044^ 

7  Maces, 1  Ecu, 0     5     0 

2  Rupees, 1  Crown, 0     5     0 

10  Maces, 1  Tale, 0     0     8 

JAPAN,  JEDDO,  MEACO,  &c. 

1  Piti, 0     0     0  § 

20  Pitis, 1  Mace, 0     0     4 

15  Maces, 1  Ounce  Silver,      .     .     .0     4  10  -J 

20  Maces, 1  Tale, 0     0    8 

30  Maces, 1  Ingot, 0     9     8^ 

13  Ounces  Silver,     .     .  1  Ounce  Gold,  ....  3     3     0 

2  Ounces  Gold,  ...  1  Japanese, 600 

2  Japaneses,   ....    I  Double, 12   12     0 

21  Ounces  Gold,  .     .     .  *  1  Cattee,      .         ...  60     3     0 

*  Major  Rcnnell  says,  that  we  may  with  ease  reduce  any  large  sum  in  rupees  to 
sterling,  by  calculating  roundly  at  the  rate  of  a  lack  of  ru,iccs  to  ten  thousand 
pound^;  and  that  a  crore  of  rupees  is  equal  to  a  million  sterling. 


112 


EGYPT. 
Old  and  New  Cairo,  Alexandria,  Sayde,  Ssc 

£    s.  d. 

1  Asper, ' 0     0  0- 

3  Aspers, 1  Medin, 0     0  1 

24  Medins, 1  Italian  Ducat,      ...  0     3  4 

80  Aspers, *  1  Piastre, 0     4  0 

30  Medins, 1  Dollar, 0     4  6 

96  Aspers, 1  Ecu, 0     5  0 

32  Medins, 1  Crown, 0     5  0 

200  Aspers, 1  Sultanin, 0  10  0 

70  Medins, 1  Pargo  Dollar,  ....  0  10  6 


BARBARY. 
Algiers,   Tunis,    Tripoli,  Una,   SfC, 

1  Asper, 0 

3  Aspers, 1  Medin, 0 

10  Aspers, 1  Rial  Old  Plate,    ...  0 

2  Rials, 1  Double, 0 

4  Doubles,      ....  1  Dollar, 0 

24  Medins, 1  Silver  Chequin,   ...  0 

30  Medins 1  Dollar, 0 

180  Aspers, 1  Zequin, 0 

15  Doubles,      ....  1  Pistole, 0 


0 

Of 

0 

1  1 

0 

6  1 

1 

1  i 

4 

6 

3 

4 

4 

6 

8 

10 

16 

9 

MOROCCO, 
Santa   Cruz,  Mequinez,  Fez,    Tangier,  Sallee,   <^c. 


1  Fluce,    , 
24  Fluces,   . 

4  Blanquils, 

7  Blanquils, 

14  Blanquils, 

2  Quartos, 
28  Blanquils, 
54  Blanquils, 

100  Blanquils, 


1  Blanquil, 
1  Ounce,  . 
1  Octavo, . 
1  Quarto, 
1  Medio, 
1  Dollar,  . 
1  Xequin, 
1  Pistole,  . 


0 
0 

0 
0 

2 

0 

0 

8 

0 

1 

o 

0 

2 

4 

0 

4 

8 

0 

4 

6 

0 

9 

0 

0 

16 

9 

THE   END. 


3  3  0  6       8  t 


11 


UMVEKMTY  OF  (JALIFORNIA       \ 

LOS  ANGKLES  I 

JJRRARV  i 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA    001  007  898 


